scholarly journals A Study on the Source Profile Development for Fine Particles (PM2.5) Emitted from Biomass Burning

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 384-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byung-Wook Kang ◽  
Hak-Sung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Source Profile ◽  
Profile Development

scholarly journals High- and low-temperature pyrolysis profiles describe volatile organic compound emissions from western US wildfire fuels

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanako Sekimoto ◽  
Abigail R. Koss ◽  
Jessica B. Gilman ◽  
Vanessa Selimovic ◽  
Matthew M. Coggon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Voc Emissions ◽  
Western Us ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Low Temperature Pyrolysis ◽  
Pyrolysis Processes

Abstract. Biomass burning is a large source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and many other trace species to the atmosphere, which can act as precursors to the formation of secondary pollutants such as ozone and fine particles. Measurements collected with a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer during the FIREX 2016 laboratory intensive were analyzed with Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), in order to understand the instantaneous variability in VOC emissions from biomass burning, and to simplify the description of these types of emissions. Despite the complexity and variability of emissions, we found that a solution including just two emission profiles, which are mass spectral representations of the relative abundances of emitted VOCs, explained on average 85 % of the VOC emissions across various fuels representative of the western US (including various coniferous and chaparral fuels). In addition, the profiles were remarkably similar across almost all of the fuel types tested. For example, the correlation coefficient r of each profile between Ponderosa pine (coniferous tree) and Manzanita (chaparral) is higher than 0.9. We identified the two VOC profiles as resulting from high-temperature and low-temperature pyrolysis processes known to form VOCs in biomass burning. High-temperature and low-temperature pyrolysis processes do not correspond exactly to the commonly used flaming and smoldering categories as described by modified combustion efficiency (MCE). The average atmospheric properties (e.g. OH reactivity, volatility, etc.) of the high- and low-temperature profiles are significantly different. We also found that the two VOC profiles can describe previously reported VOC data for laboratory and field burns. This indicates that the high- and low-temperature pyrolysis profiles could be widely useful to model VOC emissions from many types of biomass burning in the western US, with a few exceptions such as burns of duff and rotten wood.

Reconstruction of fire regime changes in the French Mediterranean region during the last 8,500 years using microcharcoal 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Genet ◽  
Anne-Laure Daniau ◽  
Maria-Angela Bassetti ◽  
Bassem Jallali ◽  
Marie-Alexandrine Sicre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Fire History ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Fire Regime ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Sediment Delivery ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
North West ◽  
Gulf Of Lion

<p>Nowadays, the Mediterranean region is strongly impacted by fires. Projected warming scenarios suggest increasing fire risk in this region considered as hot-spot of the climate change (Liu et al., 2010; Pechony and Shindell, 2010). However, models based on modern-day statistical relationships do not properly account for interactions between climate, vegetation, and fire. In addition, process-based models must be tested not only against modern observations but also under different past climate conditions reflecting the range of climate variability projected for the next centuries (Hantson et al. 2016). Marine sediments are a major source of fire history of nearby land masses. Here, we present a unique 8,500 yr long record of biomass burning changes from southeastern France based on a marine microcharcoal sedimentary record from the Gulf of Lion, located in the subaqueous Rhone river delta. Sediment delivery to the Gulf of Lion comes mainly from the Rhône River draining a large watershed in southeast France (ca.100,000 km2). Due to the direction of dominant winds blowing from the North-North-West (Mistral and Tramontane) and carrying fine particles from the land to the sea, the microcharcoal record likely reflects the biomass burning in the Rhone watershed and South-East of France. Our results show multi-centennial to millennial changes in biomass burning with a periodicity  of 1000 years for the full record and between 500 and 700 years before 5,000 cal BP and after 3,000 cal BP. Large peaks of biomass burning are associated with marked dry periods observed in the region. Burning of biomass is higher when the region is dominated by xerophytic vegetation than when mesophyte vegetation dominates. The trend and periodicity of the biomass burning record suggest a predominant climatic control of fire occurrences since 8,500 cal BP in this region.</p>

scholarly journals Simultaneous Measurements of Chemical Compositions of Fine Particles during Winter Haze Period in Urban Sites in China and Korea

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minhan Park ◽  
Yujue Wang ◽  
Jihyo Chong ◽  
Haebum Lee ◽  
Jiho Jang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Simultaneous Measurements ◽  
Dust Sources ◽  
Secondary Formation ◽  
Combustion Sources ◽  
Burning Coal

We performed simultaneous measurements of chemical compositions of fine particles in Beijing, China and Gwangju, Korea to better understand their sources during winter haze period. We identified PM2.5 events in Beijing, possibly caused by a combination of multiple primary combustion sources (biomass burning, coal burning, and vehicle emissions) and secondary aerosol formation under stagnant conditions and/or dust sources under high wind speeds. During the PM2.5 events in Gwangju, the contribution of biomass burning and secondary formation of nitrate and organics to the fine particles content significantly increased under stagnant conditions. We commonly observed the increases of nitrogen-containing organic compounds and biomass burning inorganic (K+) and organic (levoglucosan) markers, suggesting the importance of biomass burning sources during the winter haze events (except dust event cases) at both sites. Pb isotope ratios indicated that the fraction of Pb originated from possibly industry and coal combustion sources increased during the PM2.5 events in Gwangju, relative to nonevent days.

scholarly journals Source apportionment of fine organic aerosols in Beijing

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (21) ◽  
pp. 8573-8585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Wang ◽  
M. Shao ◽  
Y. Zhang ◽  
Y. Wei ◽  
M. Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Particulate Organic Matter ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Organic Aerosols ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Coal Burning ◽  
Alkanoic Acids

Abstract. Fine particles (PM2.5, i.e., particles with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 μm) were collected from the air in August 2005, August–September 2006, and January–February 2007, in Beijing, China. The chemical compositions of particulate organic matter in the ambient samples were quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The dominant compounds identified in summertime were n-alkanoic acids, followed by dicarboxylic acids and sugars, while sugars became the most abundant species in winter, followed by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, n-alkanes, and n-alkanoic acids. The contributions of seven emission sources (i.e., gasoline/diesel vehicles, coal burning, wood/straw burning, cooking, and vegetative detritus) to particulate organic matter in PM2.5 were estimated using a chemical mass balance receptor model. The model results present the seasonal trends of source contributions to organic aerosols. Biomass burning (straw and wood) had the highest contribution in winter, followed by coal burning, vehicle exhaust, and cooking. The contribution of cooking was the highest in summer, followed by vehicle exhaust and biomass burning, while coal smoke showed only a minor contribution to ambient organic carbon.

scholarly journals Source apportionment of PM<sub>2.5</sub> at a regional background site in North China using PMF linked with radiocarbon analysis: insight into the contribution of biomass burning

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (17) ◽  
pp. 11249-11265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Zong ◽  
Xiaoping Wang ◽  
Chongguo Tian ◽  
Yingjun Chen ◽  
Lin Qu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Coal Combustion ◽  
North China ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Vehicle Emission ◽  
Shandong Peninsula ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Background Site ◽  
Bth Region

Abstract. Source apportionment of fine particles (PM2.5) at a background site in North China in the winter of 2014 was done using statistical analysis, radiocarbon (14C) measurement and positive matrix factorization (PMF) modeling. Results showed that the concentration of PM2.5 was 77.6 ± 59.3 µg m−3, of which sulfate (SO42−) concentration was the highest, followed by nitrate (NO3−), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and ammonium (NH4+). As demonstrated by backward trajectory, more than half of the air masses during the sampling period were from the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region, followed by Mongolia and the Shandong Peninsula. Cluster analysis of chemical species suggested an obvious signal of biomass burning in the PM2.5 from the Shandong Peninsula, while the PM2.5 from the BTH region showed a vehicle emission pattern. This finding was further confirmed by the 14C measurement of OC and EC in two merged samples. The 14C result indicated that biogenic and biomass burning emission contributed 59 ± 4 and 52 ± 2 % to OC and EC concentrations, respectively, when air masses originated from the Shandong Peninsula, while the contributions fell to 46 ± 4 and 38 ± 1 %, respectively, when the prevailing wind changed and came from the BTH region. The minimum deviation between source apportionment results from PMF and 14C measurement was adopted as the optimal choice of the model exercises. Here, two minor overestimates with the same range (3 %) implied that the PMF result provided a reasonable source apportionment of the regional PM2.5 in this study. Based on the PMF modeling, eight sources were identified; of these, coal combustion, biomass burning and vehicle emission were the main contributors of PM2.5, accounting for 29.6, 19.3 and 15.9 %, respectively. Compared with overall source apportionment, the contributions of vehicle emission, mineral dust, coal combustion and biomass burning increased when air masses came from the BTH region, Mongolia and the Shandong Peninsula, respectively. Since coal combustion and vehicle emission have been considered as the leading emission sources to be controlled for improving air quality, biomass burning was highlighted in the present study.

scholarly journals Mixing state, composition, and sources of fine aerosol particles in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the influence of agricultural biomass burning

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (17) ◽  
pp. 24369-24401 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Li ◽  
S. R. Chen ◽  
Y. S. Xu ◽  
X. C. Guo ◽  
Y. L. Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Organic Coating ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Mixing State

Abstract. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to obtain morphology, size, composition, and mixing state of background fine particles with diameter less than 1 μm in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) during 15 September to 15 October 2013. Individual aerosol particles mainly contained secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA-sulfate and nitrate) and organics during clean periods (PM2.5: particles less than 2.5 μg m−3). The presence of KCl-NaCl associated with organics and an increase of soot particles suggest that an intense biomass burning event caused the highest PM2.5 concentrations (> 30 μg m−3) during the study. A large number fraction of the fly ash-containing particles (21.73 %) suggests that coal combustion emissions in the QTP significantly contributed to air pollutants at the median pollution level (PM2.5: 10–30 μg m−3). We concluded that emissions from biomass burning and from coal combustion both constantly contribute to anthropogenic particles in the QTP atmosphere. Based on size distributions of individual particles in different pollution levels, we found that gas condensation on existing particles is an important chemical process for the formation of SIA with organic coating. TEM observations show that refractory aerosols (e.g., soot, fly ash, and visible organic particles) likely adhere to the surface of SIA particles larger than 200 nm due to coagulation. Organic coating and soot on surface of the aged particles likely influence their hygroscopic and optical properties in the QTP, respectively. To our knowledge, this study reports the first microscopic analysis of fine particles in the background QTP air.

scholarly journals Measurement report: Hydrolyzed amino acids in fine and coarse atmospheric aerosol in Nanchang, China: concentrations, compositions, sources and possible bacterial degradation state

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 2585-2600
Author(s):  
Ren-Guo Zhu ◽  
Hua-Yun Xiao ◽  
Li Luo ◽  
Hongwei Xiao ◽  
Zequn Wen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Bacterial Degradation ◽  
Jiangxi Province ◽  
Coarse Particles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Composition Profiles ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. Amino acids (AAs) are relevant for nitrogen cycles, climate change and public health. Their size distribution may help to uncover the source, transformation and fate of protein in the atmosphere. This paper explores the use of compound-specific δ15N patterns of hydrolyzed amino acid (HAA), δ15N values of total hydrolyzed amino acid (δ15NTHAA), degradation index (DI) and the variance within trophic AAs (∑V) as markers to examine the sources and processing history of different sizes of particle in the atmosphere. Two weeks of daily aerosol samples from five sampling sites in the Nanchang area (Jiangxi Province, China) and samples of main emission sources of AAs in aerosols (biomass burning, soil and plants) were collected (Zhu et al., 2020). Here, we measured the concentrations and δ15N values of each HAA in two size-segregated aerosol particles (> 2.5 µm and PM2.5). Our results showed that the average concentrations of THAA in fine particles was nearly 6 times higher than that in coarse particles (p < 0.01) and composition profiles of fine and coarse particles were quite different from each other. The δ15N values of hydrolyzed glycine and THAA in both fine and coarse particles were typically in the range of those from biomass burning, soil and plant sources. Moreover, the average difference in the δ15NTHAA value between fine and coarse particles was smaller than 1.5 ‰. These results suggested that the sources of atmospheric HAAs for fine and coarse particles might be similar. Meanwhile, compared to fine particles, significantly lower DI values (p  <  0.05), “scattered” δ15N distribution in trophic AA and higher ∑V values (p < 0.05) were observed in coarse particles. But the difference in δ15N values of source AA (glycine, serine, phenylalanine and lysine) and THAA between coarse particles and fine particles was relatively small. It is likely that AAs in coarse particles have advanced bacterial degradation states compared to fine particles. Besides that, the significant increase in DI values and a decrease in ∑V values for coarse particles were observed on days on which precipitation fell (p  <  0.05). This implies that “fresh” AAs in coarse particles were likely released following the precipitation.

scholarly journals Source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols in Beijing with radiocarbon and organic tracers: insight into the differences between urban and rural sites

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 8273-8292
Author(s):  
Siqi Hou ◽  
Di Liu ◽  
Jingsha Xu ◽  
Tuan V. Vu ◽  
Xuefang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosol ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽  
Carbonaceous Particles

Abstract. Carbonaceous aerosol is a dominant component of fine particles in Beijing. However, it is challenging to apportion its sources. Here, we applied a newly developed method which combined radiocarbon (14C) with organic tracers to apportion the sources of fine carbonaceous particles at an urban (IAP) and a rural (PG) site of Beijing. PM2.5 filter samples (24 h) were collected at both sites from 10 November to 11 December 2016 and from 22 May to 24 June 2017. 14C was determined in 25 aerosol samples (13 at IAP and 12 at PG) representing low pollution to haze conditions. Biomass burning tracers (levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan) in the samples were also determined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Higher contributions of fossil-derived OC (OCf) were found at the urban site. The OCf / OC ratio decreased in the summer samples (IAP: 67.8 ± 4.0 % in winter and 54.2 ± 11.7 % in summer; PG: 59.3 ± 5.7 % in winter and 50.0 ± 9.0 % in summer) due to less consumption of coal in the warm season. A novel extended Gelencsér (EG) method incorporating the 14C and organic tracer data was developed to estimate the fossil and non-fossil sources of primary and secondary OC (POC and SOC). It showed that fossil-derived POC was the largest contributor to OC (35.8 ± 10.5 % and 34.1 ± 8.7 % in wintertime for IAP and PG, 28.9 ± 7.4 % and 29.1 ± 9.4 % in summer), regardless of season. SOC contributed 50.0 ± 12.3 % and 47.2 ± 15.5 % at IAP and 42.0 ± 11.7 % and 43.0 ± 13.4 % at PG in the winter and summer sampling periods, respectively, within which the fossil-derived SOC was predominant and contributed more in winter. The non-fossil fractions of SOC increased in summer due to a larger biogenic component. Concentrations of biomass burning OC (OCbb) are resolved by the extended Gelencsér method, with average contributions (to total OC) of 10.6 ± 1.7 % and 10.4 ± 1.5 % in winter at IAP and PG and 6.5 ± 5.2 % and 17.9 ± 3.5 % in summer, respectively. Correlations of water-insoluble OC (WINSOC) and water-soluble OC (WSOC) with POC and SOC showed that although WINSOC was the major contributor to POC, a non-negligible fraction of WINSOC was found in SOC for both fossil and non-fossil sources, especially during winter. In summer, a greater proportion of WSOC from non-fossil sources was found in SOC. Comparisons of the source apportionment results with those obtained from a chemical mass balance model were generally good, except for the cooking aerosol.

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