<b>OBJECTIVE
</b>
<p>To evaluate associations of oily and non-oily
fish consumption and fish oil supplements with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D).</p>
<p><b>RESEARCH
DESIGN AND METHODS </b></p>
<p>We included<a> 392,287 middle-aged
and older participants </a>(55.0% women) in the UK Biobank who were free of
diabetes, major cardiovascular disease, and cancer, and had information on
habitual intake of major food groups and use of fish oil supplements at
baseline (<a>2006-2010</a>). Of these, <a>163,706</a> participated in 1-5 rounds of 24-h dietary
recalls during 2009-2012. </p>
<p><b>RESULTS</b></p>
<p>During a median 10.1 years of follow-up, <a>7,262</a>
incident cases of T2D were identified. As compared with participants who
reported never consumption of oily fish, the multivariable-adjusted hazard
ratios (95% CI) of T2D were 0.84 (0.78-0.91), 0.78 (0.72-0.85), and 0.78
(0.71-0.86) for those who reported <1 serving/week, weekly, and ≥2
servings/week of oily fish consumption, respectively (P-trend <0.001). Consumption
of non-oily fish was not associated with risk of T2D (P-trend = 0.45). Participants
who reported regular fish oil use at baseline had a 9% (95% CI: 4%-14%) lower
risk of T2D as compared with non-users. Baseline regular users of fish oil who
also reported fish oil use during at least one of the 24-h dietary recalls had
an 18% (95% CI: 8%-27%) lower risk of T2D when compared with constant non-users.</p>
<p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b></p>
Our findings suggest that consumption of oily fish,
but not non-oily fish, was associated with a lower risk of T2D. Use of fish oil
supplements, especially constant use over time, was also associated with a
lower risk of T2D.
The relationship between gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the possible role of dietary fibre
