Khor Shambat, Early Khartoum, Neolithic, cemetery, graves, settlement, pottery, lithic inventory, archaeozoology

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 447-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Przemysław Bobrowski ◽  
Maciej Jórdeczka ◽  
Iwona Sobkowiak-Tabaka ◽  
Michaela Binder
Keyword(s):  
Stone Tools ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Nile Valley ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
Early Neolithic ◽  
The West ◽  
Stone Artifacts ◽  
Central Sudan ◽  
New Information

The locality of Khor Shambat in the Omdurman district of Khartoum was investigated in 2012. The site lies between two gorges draining water to the Nile Valley from the west. Testing established the site stratigraphy, dating the cultural level to the early Neolithic. The source material from this cultural level included vessel-type ceramics, microlithic stone artifacts, macrolithic stone tools and faunal remains. A cemetery containing 13 graves was investigated, the alignment of the burial pits and position of the interments leading to the conclusion that it started as a Neolithic burial ground and continued as a cemetery probably in Meroitic and post-Meroitic times. The archaeological, anthropological and archaeozoological data contributed new information on settlement on this site and in the broader overview, in central Sudan.

Holocene resource exploitation along the Nile: diet and subsistence strategies of Mesolithic and Neolithic societies at Khor Shambat 1, Sudan

Antiquity ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Julie Dunne ◽  
Maciej Jórdeczka ◽  
Marek Chłodnicki ◽  
Karen Hardy ◽  
Lucy Kubiak-Martens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Nile Valley ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Subsistence Strategies ◽  
Central Sudan ◽  
First Time ◽  
Human Subsistence

The subsistence practices of Holocene communities living in the Nile Valley of Central Sudan are comparatively little known. Recent excavations at Khor Shambat, Sudan, have yielded well-defined Mesolithic and Neolithic stratigraphy. Here, for the first time, archaeozoological, palaeobotanical, phytolith and dental calculus studies are combined with lipid residue analysis of around 100 pottery fragments and comparative analysis of faunal remains and organic residues. This holistic approach provides valuable information on changes in adaptation strategies, from Mesolithic hunter-gatherers to Neolithic herders exploiting domesticates. A unique picture is revealed of the natural environment and human subsistence, demonstrating the potential wider value of combining multiple methods.

scholarly journals Stone implement from the early Neolithic layers in Rakushechny Yar (on the example of the researches of 2016-2017)

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-159
Author(s):  
Susanna Pavlovna Gorodetskaya
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Early Neolithic ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Stone Artifacts ◽  
Fish Bones ◽  
Microwear Analysis ◽  
Lower Volga

The article shows the analysis of the collection of the stone artifacts obtained as a result of excavations of the early Neolithic layers of the site Rakushechny Yar. The collection of the stone tools makes it possible to get an idea about the flaking technology, oriented to obtaining blades. However, the absence of the products of debitage on the site indicates that flaking and tool production were realized outside the site. For secondary modification inhabitants of the site used such techniques as retouching and polishing. The tools assemblage was represented mainly by points that were used as drills, end-scrapers and polished axes, which indicates the specific economic activities of the inhabitants of the site, associated with the woodworking. The stone implement of the site has analogies not only in the Neolithic sites of the region, but also in the Neolithic stone implements of the sites of the Lower Volga and Northern Caspian Regions. Taking into account that the investigated part of the site was a coastal zone at one time, as well as the presence of a large number of fish bones in the lower layers, it can be assumed that the use of the above categories of tools was somehow connected with fishing. This assumption can be confirmed by microwear analysis of the stone tools.

scholarly journals Neolithic Complex of the Settlement of Barsova Gora II/9

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 191-202
Author(s):  
Yury P. Chemyakin
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Functional Identification ◽  
Early Neolithic ◽  
The West ◽  
Settlement Type ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
The Right

Purpose. Materials published here describe findings on the ancient settlement Barsova Gora II/9b (located 7 km to the west of Surgut city on the right bank of the Ob river). Over the 5 years of excavations, the remains of structures from different time periods were uncovered and studied, among which 5 seated below grade square and rectangular dwellings stand out. Results. Original flat-bottomed pottery, clay ornamented bars and a spherical pommel have been found inside these dwellings. Clay bars were probably used as spatulas for smoothing dishes, skin scrapers. Among stone tools, polished ones predominate: chopping tools (axes, adzes, chisels, including grooved ones), lancet-shaped arrowheads and knives, as well as abrasives. Flint tool findings were less common: a few leaf-shaped arrowheads, scrapers and one lithic core. A fragment of a quartz lithic core and about ten quartz flakes were found as well. Among the pottery next to flat-bottomed vessels, there are round-bottomed vessels. Generally pottery is decorated in a variety of ways – drawn, impaled, using a walking comb stamp, with pits. Among the patterns there appears straight, broken or wavy lines, areas of a walking stamp. Clear geometric shapes are rare. On some pots horizontal compositions are replaced by vertical ones in the lower half of the vessels. Flat bottoms are ornamented with crossed, wavy and other patterns. Conclusion. Incorrect functional identification of the clay bars during first excavations led to initial incorrect dating of the settlement as belonging to the Early Bronze Age. The stratigraphy and radiocarbon dating during the new excavations revealed earlier settlement dates going back to early Neolithic. Some similarities to these structures and settlement type can be found in the ancient settlements of Boborykino and Bystrinsky cultures, Petrovoborsky and Kayukovsky types, settlements of Amnya I and others within the Eneolithic Period as well. However, the settlement of Barsova Gora II/9b is a unique cultural type dating from 6th – early 5th millennium BC.

scholarly journals Stone Industry of Somchai Cave (Excavations of 1980–1981)

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 62-72
Author(s):  
Alexander V. Kandyba ◽  
Gia Doi Nguyen ◽  
Sayana O. Karpova ◽  
Andrey M. Chekha ◽  
Anatoliy P. Derevianko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stone Tools ◽  
Karst Region ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Early Neolithic ◽  
Stratigraphic Sequence ◽  
Stone Artifacts ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
Multiple Group ◽  
Stone Industry ◽  
North Vietnam

Purpose. This article is dedicated to the collection of stone tools obtained as a result of excavations of the Somchai cave (North Vietnam) in 1980–1981. Somchai cave was discovered as a cultural object in 1980 and was investigated by various Vietnamese archaeologists in 1980–1981. The Somchai stone industry was attributed by Vietnamese researchers to the cultural and chronological stages of Hoabin II (Mezolithic) and Hoabin III (Early Neolithic). At the same time, the stratigraphic sequence of the lithological divisions of the site raises questions, due not only to the fragmentation of information in published sources, but also the influence of the modern anthropological factor. The description of archaeological material was selectively compiled, and subsequent publications were devoted to general reviews and paleobotany. Results. Somchai Cave belongs to the Karst region of the Kimboy massif of the northern part of the Annam Highlands (Chyongshonbak). The object is located at an altitude of 85 m above u.m. in the limestone remains in the Muongwang Valley of the Buoy River. It was discovered as a cultural site in 1980 and was investigated by various Vietnamese archaeologists in 1980–1981, 1982 and 1986. The stone industry of the Somchai site contains 845 artifacts. Among tools, the multiple group is represented by sumatralita, further on the frequency of occurrence the adzes, polished axes, choppers stand out, scraped, scrapers and other single products. Conclusion. By relying on a technical and typological analysis of a collection of stone artifacts obtained during research in 1980–1981, the Somchai cave industry can be defined as pebble and flake. It demonstrates the already developed features of stone technologies and tools, which are more distinctive for later cultures, such as Bakshon and Dabut, but at the same time the splitting traditions characteristic of the Paleolithic of Vietnam, which, like the Paleolithic of all Southeast Asia, continued the pebble-cleaved tradition, are preserved.

The Base and Top of the Coral-rock in Barbados

1937 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 337-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Trechmann
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
East Part ◽  
Varying Thickness ◽  
South West ◽  
New Information ◽  
Main Portion ◽  
Coral Rock

1. The coral-rock commences nearly everywhere with a basal bed of varying thickness containing a fauna of pre-Pleistocene aspect among which the genus Haliotis (absent from these coasts at the present day), Pleurotomaria, Meiocardia, etc., are noticeable. This faunule may have lived at a depth of 700–1,000 feet.2. The supposition that the southerly anticlines are a later uplift than the main portion of Barbados is supported by the absence of ravines, and the presence of post-coral-rock beds which occur as coastal veneers at low altitudes, and in greater thickness in the south-east corner near Whitehaven.3. The south-east part of the island from Consett Point to Ragged Point has probably extended further seawards in comparatively recent times ; the series of converging faults and dislocations in the cliff sections suggest that the thrusts from the west or south-west may have been resisted by this part of the island.4. The relative claims of fault-scarping or marine erosion in production of the rising terraces is discussed ; and new information regarding the thickness of the coral-rock at sea-level from a boring is detailed.5. The finding of a faunule with Pliocene or possibly Miocene affinities at the base of the coral-rock puts the Oceanic series further back, into the Miocene.

The Essex Institute of Salem

1933 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Howard Corning
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Source Material ◽  
The West ◽  
Unique Position ◽  
Ocean Shipping ◽  
Open Trade ◽  
American Flag

As a depository of source material relating to a wide variety of subjects, the Essex Institute holds a unique position. For many years it has been natural to turn to Salem for material on ocean shipping. In decades past, Salem wharves were lined with vessels which Salem merchants had built and manned, and which brought rich products from every civilized and barbaric land. There were Eastern ports where the names of New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore were scarcely known, but where Salem was supposed to be the great emporium of the West. Letters addressed “Salem, U. S. A.” reached their destinations without delay. In 1825, there were one hundred ninety-eight vessels flying Salem signals, and Salem ships were the first to display the American flag in many foreign ports, as well as to open trade with St. Petersburg, Zanzibar, Sumatra, Calcutta, Bombay, Batavia, Arabia, Madagascar and Australia.

scholarly journals Materials of the early Neolithic of the Yarlukovskaya Protoka site (point 222) on the Upper Don

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-229
Author(s):  
Roman Viktorovich Smolyaninov ◽  
Aleksey Aleksandrovich Kulichkov ◽  
Elizaveta Sergeevna Yurkina
Keyword(s):  
Silty Clay ◽  
Mixed Complex ◽  
Cultural Layer ◽  
Early Neolithic ◽  
Stone Artifacts ◽  
Left Tributary ◽  
Clay Ceramics ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Neolithic Cultures

This paper analyzes materials located in the floodplain of the Matyra River (left tributary of the Voronezh River) of the Yarlukovskaya Protoka (point 222) in the Gryazinsky District of the Lipetsk Region. It was investigated in 1963, 1964, 1967 and 1968 by Vsevolod Levenok. The materials of three early Neolithic cultures of VI Millennium BC were revealed here. The materials of the Yelshanskaya culture are represented by corollas and bottoms of 12 vessels. Almost all dishes, except one bottom and several walls, have no ornament, with the exception of one or two rows of conical pit. All ceramics are well smoothed. Ceramics were made from silty clay. The location of materials in the cultural layer confirms the earlier occurrence of the Yelshanskaya culture ceramics. The ceramics of the Karamyshevo culture is represented by fragments from three vessels. The dishes are predominantly decorated with small oval pricks composed in horizontal and vertical rows. Ceramics were made from silty clay. Ceramics of the Srednedonskaya culture are represented by corollas and rounded bottoms of 15 vessels. It is decorated with triangular prick or small comb prints. Ceramics were made from silty clay. At Yarlukovskaya Protoka site 304 stone artifacts were discovered, mainly of flint. This industry could be described as flake-blade technique. The monument is a mixed complex - stratigraphic and planigraphic readable observations of stone inventory location could not be done.

scholarly journals Contribution to Understanding the Distribution of ‘Chocolate’ Flint on the Polish Lowlands in the Early Neolithic: Kruszyn, Site 13

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 79-87
Author(s):  
Jacek Kabaciński
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Mass Distribution ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Early Neolithic ◽  
The West ◽  
Vistula River ◽  
Linear Band ◽  
Early Farmers ◽  
Basin Area

Abstakt “Chocolate’”flint was the main raw material used by the Early Neolithic Linear Band Cul¬ture (LBK) groups in the Polish Lowlands. Since the second (note) phase of the development of this culture, the early farmers developed a complex system of distribution of ‘chocolate’ flint within the great-valleys zone of the Lowlands. Concretions of raw flint were transported by the Vistula river from the outcrops located on the southeastern slopes of the Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mountains to Kuyavia. They were worked into cores and processed in settlements close to the Vistula valley. Cores and blades/flakes were also exported to distant locations to the west as far as the Lower Oder basin area. One would expect the existence of specialised workshops providing materials for such a mass distribution. Kruszyn site 13, Włocławek distr., is the first LBK ‘chocolate’ flint workshop discovered close to the Vistula river concentrated on production of blades. This site fits well into the LBK flint distribution system developed on the Lowlands

The Paleolithic of Trans-Baikal

1961 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 486-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Okladnikov ◽  
Chester S. Chard
Keyword(s):  
North China ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Upper Paleolithic ◽  
Eastern Asia ◽  
The West ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fish Bones ◽  
Woolly Rhinoceros ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
The Common

AbstractPaleolithic remains, mostly surface finds from blowouts, are known from 63 sites in the Trans-Baikal, one of the five large regional subdivisions of the Siberian Paleolithic. Most important recent discoveries are the stratified sites of Oshurkovo and Sannyi Mys and the Pleistocene faunal sequence on Tologoi Mountain. Characteristic stone tools are made from whole or split pebbles and from blades removed from prismatic cores. Bone artifacts, known only from Oshurkovo, include slotted points and knives and flat antler harpoons. The Trans-Baikal finds, all Upper Paleolithic in time, are tentatively arranged in five chronological stages. The earliest period is based on the lower levels at Sannyi Mys in which microblades, but no pebble tools, are found with woolly rhinoceros and mammoth. The next period is represented by large pebble tools and cores from Ust"-Kiakhta Locality 3. Typical Siberian pebble tools found with horse in the upper levels at Sannyi Mys are assigned to the third stage. The fourth is best known from Oshurkovo where all the common Siberian Paleolithic stone tools are found along with bone artifacts in deposits which contain abundant fish bones. A number of sites are assigned to the fifth stage, but it is best represented by the uppermost level at Oshurkovo where flakes, flaked pebbles, and small blade tools of regular outline replace the large blades and pebble cores of the earlier periods. This tentative sequence is strengthened by correlations with the Angara and Yenisei areas to the west and with Mongolia and North China to the east. The Trans-Baikal is seen as an area in which the prismatic core and blade tradition of Eurafrican origin and the split pebble-tool tradition of eastern Asia were in contact from the earliest known period.

Russian Musicological Scholarship of the Last Two Decades: Achievements and Lacunae

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Rakhmanova
Keyword(s):  
The West ◽  
Russian Music ◽  
New Information ◽  
Open Discussion ◽  
Material Conditions

In the last two decades, the discipline of Russian music studies in Russia has undergone a profound transformation. The lifting of restrictions on access to hitherto inaccessible archival materials has made a wealth of new information available, and, in conjunction with the accompanying relaxation of censorship and increased contact with the West, has had far-reaching implications for scholarship. Open discussion of many aspects of the country’s musical past which were hitherto erased from standard Soviet accounts became possible, enabling the distortions and mendacities of Soviet scholarship to be corrected. The present chapter details some of the most significant achievements of Russian musicology in recent years, as well as the problems created by the challenging material conditions in which research on Russian music has to take place.

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