Comparison of risk factors for low birth weight among mothers with normal and low birth weight babies

Background: Low birth weight is an alarming problem in developing countries and has severe future complications. Aim of the study: Our study aimed to compare the risk factors among mothers with low and normal birth weight babies. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 1000 mothers with normal and low birth weight babies (500 per group) over two years. Maternal parameters including age, hemoglobin levels, gravida, maternal weight gain, height, pregnancy-induced hypertension, etc., were collected along with anthropometric data of the child. We compared risk factors among the low and normal birth weight babies using the chi-square test, determining statistical significance at p<0.05, and high statistical significance at p<0.01. Results: Highly statistically significant associations were observed between low birth weight and seven variables: maternal age (p=0.0074), maternal height (p<0.0001), weight (p<0.0001), weight gain (p<0.0001), hemoglobin (p<0.0001), severe anemia (p<0.0001), and pregnancy-induced hypertension (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Our study observed significant modifiable risk factors like weight gain, weight, hemoglobin, and anemia among mothers with low birth weight babies. If we focus on raising awareness surrounding these risk factors, there may be an improvement in the birth weight of babies in this population.

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Incidence and risk factors of low birth weight babies born in Dhulikhel Hospital

Journal of Institute of Medicine ◽

10.3126/jiom.v32i3.4959 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 39-42

Author(s):

SD Singh ◽

S Shrestha ◽

SB Marahatta

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Adolescent Mother ◽

Normal Birth Weight ◽

Maternal Height ◽

Maternal Weight ◽

Normal Birth ◽

Low Birth Weight Babies

Introduction: WHO defines low birth weight (LBW) as a birth weight less than 2500 grams. Almost a third of the newborn in South East Asia Region is a low birth weight baby. Many risk factors contributing to LBW have been recognized, which in order of importance are low maternal weight, low maternal hemoglobin, low maternal height, primi-parity, adolescent mother and poor or inadequate maternal nutrition during pregnancy. Low birth weight babies have a higher risk of morbidity and mortality than an infant of normal birth weight. The present study was carried out to explore the associated risk factors of low birth weight which will be beneficial to undertake effective measures to reduce the burden of the low birth weight. Methods: This was a hospital based case control study conducted in Dhulikhel hospital, Kavre, Nepal from Jan 1st 2008 to 30th May 2010. A total of 401 cases and an equal number of age matched controls were taken to assess the different risk factors of the mother for LBW babies. Ethical approval for the study was taken from KUSMS-Institutional research committee. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 10.0. Results: Data of 401 LBW and equal number of normal birth weight babies were analyzed. The incidence of LBW in this study was 11.07%. LBW was more common in female (n=236) than in male (n=165) babies. However this difference was statistically insignificant. Among the case and the control group, maternal hemoglobin (p<0.001), maternal height (p<0.001), maternal weight gain (p<0.0001), number of ANC visits (p<0.0001) were statistically significant. However with regards to ethnicity, nutrition during pregnancy, parity and age of the mother the association were insignificant. Ethnical group, nutrition during pregnancy, age of mother and parity was found to be statically insignificant for LBW Conclusions: LBW is a common problem of the developing world, which is an important factor for perinatal mortality and morbidity. Maternal height, hemoglobin, total weight gain and ANC visit were found to be the significant risk factors contributing to LBW DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/joim.v32i3.4959 Journal of Institute of Medicine, December, 2010; 32:3 39-42

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Low Birth Weight and First Week Neonatal Mortality in a Tertiary Level Hospital in Bangladesh

Journal of SAFOG with DVD ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1039 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 24-28

Author(s):

Sabera Khatun ◽

Fawzia Hossain ◽

Jannatul Ferdous ◽

Afroza Chowdhury

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Neonatal Mortality ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Normal Birth Weight ◽

Group Iii ◽

Normal Birth ◽

Group I ◽

Low Birth Weight Babies ◽

Group Ii

ABSTRACT Objectives The incidence of low birth weight babies and the perinatal morbidity and mortality is inter-related. An understanding of the risk factors can help us to reduce their incidence and studying their management and outcome could help us to evolve optimal management strategies. The aim of the study was to find out the incidence of low birth weight and first week neonatal mortality rate. Methods The gestational age of the babies were determined and a comparison of the prenatal mortality ratio was done among vaginal and cesarean deliveries. During the study period all the patients irrespective of their gestational age admitted for delivery were recruited for the prospective analysis. Their gestational age, mode of delivery, birth weight and outcome were collected in a preformed data-sheet. Results During the study period there were 2689 deliveries at BSMMU and among them 301 were low birth weight (LBW), rest were normal birth weight babies. Forty-eight from low birth weight and seven from normal birth weight babies died within first-week of delivery. The LBW babies were grouped in to three groups according to their birth weight, 1-1.5 kg = group one, 1.6-2 kg = group two, 2.1- 2.4 kg = group three. It was found that 70% babies of group I, 40% of group II and 17% of group III were in the gestational age of 28-34 weeks. On the other hand 30% babies of group I, 60% of group II and 83% of group III were in the gestational age of 35-40 weeks. 79.36% of group I, 6.67% of group II and 0.63% of group III died within 7 days of birth. Conclusion Significant difference (p value < 0.001) was observed in first-week neonatal mortality among normal and low birth weight babies. Therefore, it can be concluded that birth weight and gestational age is an important determining factor for early neonatal death.

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Comparison of Exercise-Induced Hypertension in Low Birth Weight and Normal Birth Weight Young Black Adults in Zimbabwe

High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention ◽

10.1007/bf03262461 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 123-127

Author(s):

Jephat Chifamba ◽

Kudakwashe E. Chakanyuka ◽

Benjamin Longo-Mbenza ◽

Carol B. Mahachi ◽

Jacob Mufunda

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Normal Birth Weight ◽

Black Adults ◽

Normal Birth ◽

Induced Hypertension ◽

Exercise Induced

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Association Between Pregnancy Induced Hypertension and Low Birth Weight; A Population Based Case-Control Study

Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1177/1010539507311553 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 152-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Latifah A. Rahman ◽

Noran N. Hairi ◽

Nooriah Salleh

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Previous History ◽

Population Based ◽

Case Control ◽

Pregnancy Induced Hypertension ◽

Low Birth Weight Babies ◽

Induced Hypertension ◽

Control Study

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between pregnancy-induced hypertension and low birth weight. A population-based case control study was conducted. Antenatal mothers who attended the government health centers in the district of Kuala Muda, Kedah, Malaysia from June 2003 to May 2004 were recruited. Cases were 312 mothers who delivered low birth weight babies, and controls were 312 mothers who delivered normal birth weight babies. Face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire and a review of medical records were carried out. After controlling for important confounders such as gestational age at delivery, maternal age, ethnicity, education, parity, and previous history of abortion, pregnancy-induced hypertension was found to be an independent risk factor (adjusted odds ratio = 5.06; 95% confidence interval: 2.63, 9.71) for low birth weight. There was a significant association of pregnancy-induced hypertension with low birth weight. Women who delivered low birth weight babies were 5 times more likely to have had pregnancy-induced hypertension.

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CORRELATION BETWEEN BMI AND PREGNANCY OUTCOME AMONG POSTNATAL MOTHERS WITH PREGNANCY INDUCED HYPERTENSION IN SELECTED HOSPITALS BANGALORE

Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1709751 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 05 (01) ◽

pp. 062-067

Author(s):

Prathima P. ◽

S Anuchitra

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Pregnancy Outcome ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

P Value ◽

Pregnancy Induced Hypertension ◽

Low Birth Weight Babies ◽

Induced Hypertension ◽

Postnatal Mothers

Abstract Title : Correlation between BMI and pregnancy Outcome among postnatal mothers with pregnancy Induced hypertension in selected hospital Bangalore. Objectives: To identify and correlate BMI and pregnancy Outcome among postnatal mothers with pregnancy Induced hypertension. Method: A non experimental correlation design was utilized among 80 postnatal mothers who were diagnosed as Pregnancy induced hypertension during their antenatal period selected as samples by using purposive sampling technique. Demographic data were collected by interview method, their BMI was calculated, pregnancy outcomes were identified from records by using an outcome checklist. Results : Underweight mothers had low birth weight babies and received NICU care. Among normal weight mothers 17.5 % delivered by LSCS, 15% babies were low birth weight babies 12.5 were preterm babies among them 10% received NICU care. In the overweight group 18.75% undergone LSCS, 18.75% were LBW and 1.25% VLBW, 8.75% babies were preterm, 12.5% newborn received NICU care. Among Obese mothers 8.75% delivered by LSCS, 6.25% of LBW babies, 5% were preterm and all of them received NICU care. There is a positive correlation between BMI and diagnosis and type of delivery. Significant at .01 and .05 Level (p value .008 and .019 respectively). Negative correlation between birth weight and diagnosis and gestational age. r = -.499 significant at .01 level (p value .000) Conclusion: Obesity and under weight is a leading, preventable cause of mortality worldwide. Preeclampsia increases maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality rates. All women who are in reproductive age group and under risk to develop pregnancy induced hypertension need to be educated about to maintenance of normal weight before pregnancy. Nurses have more responsibility on creating awareness among women how to maintain normal weight to avoid development of complications to the mother and newborn.

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Factors associated with low birth weight among the babies delivered at maternity hospital

Journal of Kathmandu Medical College ◽

10.3126/jkmc.v3i4.13372 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 153-157

Author(s):

Sirjana Pandit Pahari ◽

Tulashi Adhikari Mishra

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Antenatal Visit ◽

Normal Birth Weight ◽

Smoking During Pregnancy ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Normal Birth ◽

Previous Birth ◽

Low Birth Weight Babies ◽

History Of

Background: Neonates with a birth weight of less than 2500 g have a higher risk of morbidity and mortality than the babies of normal birth weight. Various factors may play the role in the incidence of low birth weight babies.Objectives: The objective of the study was to fi nd out the factors associated with low birth weight in a maternity hospital.Methods: A case control study was conducted at Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital Kathmandu. Non probability consecutive sampling method was applied in which the total study sample was 136. Among them 68 full term low birth weight babies as case and equal number of full term normal birth weight babies were included as control. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis.Results: Half (50.0%) of the case mothers had history of previous low birth weight babies in comparision to 3.0% of the control mothers who had history of previous low birth weight babies. In regards to history of previous birth interval, 25.0% of cases and 3.0% of control mothers had history of previous birth interval of less than two years. Among those who had ANC visits, 40.0% of cases and 14.3% of controls had inadequate Antenatal visit during their last pregnancy. Study found a signifi cant association of low birth weight with smoking during pregnancy (p = 0.029) history of previouschild with term LBW (p= 0.001), birth spacing (p = 0.009) and antenatal visit during pregnancy (p =0.001) among the case mothers.Conclusions: The study concludes that the incidence of low birth weight babies tends to be higher among the mothers with history of smoking during pregnancy, with birth spacing of less than two years, and who had less than four antenatal visits.Journal of Kathmandu Medical CollegeVol. 3, No. 4, 2014Page: 153-157

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Maternal Risk Factors and Morbidity Pattern of Very Low Birth Weight Infants: A NICU Based Study at Eastern Nepal

Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society ◽

10.3126/jnps.v29i2.2040 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 59-66 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Prakash Poudel ◽

Sunil Budhathoki ◽

Manoj Kumar Shrivastava

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Very Low Birth Weight ◽

Ductus Arteriosus ◽

Pregnancy Induced Hypertension ◽

Maternal Risk Factors ◽

Maternal Risk ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Induced Hypertension

Background: Preterm deliveries of babies weighing less than 1500 grams (VLBW, very low birth weight) are of major concern because of maximum perinatal morbidity and mortality found in this group. VLBW babies overload the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and their mortality contributes significantly to neonatal and infant mortality. Objectives: To study the common maternal risk factors associated with VLBW births. To study the morbidity and mortality patterns of VLBW babies. Methods: This was a hospital based retrospective study done in NICU of BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences. Data were collected from medical records of VLBW babies admitted in NICU over a period of three years (13 April 2005 to 12 April 2008). Data were analyzed with SPSS 10.0 software. Results: Data of 140 VLBW babies were analyzed. Mean birth weight was 1188.9 (±212.78), 10.7% were home deliveries, 24.3% were twins, 31.4% required active resuscitation at birth and 46.4% were exposed to antenatal steroid. Common maternal risk factors associated with premature deliveries were inadequate antenatal check up (ANC) visits (95.7%), twin pregnancy (24.3%), antepartum hemorrhage (APH, 28.6%), premature rupture of membrane (23.6%), pregnancy induced hypertension (12.9%), bad obstetric history (12.9%) and maternal age less than 20 years (8.6%). Common morbidities among VLBW babies were clinical sepsis (77.1%), non physiological hyperbilirubinemia (73.6%), apnea (48.6%), shock (42.9%), hypoglycemia(39.3%), anemia (29.3%), hyaline membrane disease (HMD, 21.4%), patent ductus arteriosus (15.0%), severe hypothermia (12.1%), culture proven sepsis (15.7%), retinopathy of prematurity (5.7%), and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (3.6%). Overall survival was 54.3% and major causes of death were HMD (51.0%) and sepsis (34.7%). Median durations of hospital stay were 17.5 days for survivors and five days for expired cases.Conclusion: Increasing the coverage of ANC visits, early diagnosis and treatment of APH and pregnancy induced hypertension, discouraging the childbirth at too young age, early diagnosis and treatment of acute infections and chronic medical diseases in mothers are important measures to decrease the burden of VLBW births. Common morbidities in VLBW babies are sepsis, HMD, apnea, hyperbilirubinemia, patent ductus arteriosus, shock, anemia, hypoglycemia, hypothermia and hypocalcemia. Common causes death of VLBW babies are HMD and sepsis. Overall survival of VLBW babies in our settings is less. More numbers of well equipped NICUs and services like surfactant therapy are needed to improve survival of VLBW infants in our set up. Key words: Maternal risk factors, Morbidity, Mortality, Very low birth weight. doi: 10.3126/jnps.v29i2.2040 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol 29, No. 2, pp.59-66

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Weight gain by gestational age in both black and white women delivered of normal-birth-weight and low-birth-weight infants

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.1016/0002-9378(91)90519-w ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 164 (3) ◽

pp. 801-805 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Diana B. Petitti ◽

Mary S. Croughan-Minihane ◽

Robert A. Hiatt

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Age ◽

White Women ◽

Normal Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight Infants ◽

Black And White ◽

Normal Birth

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Low birth weight at term and maternal contributing factors in community based hospital Korangi, Karachi.

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2020.27.02.3783 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (02) ◽

pp. 324-329

Author(s):

Saba Pario ◽

Haniyah Qamar ◽

Rozina Mustafa

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Pregnancy Induced Hypertension ◽

Fetal Gender ◽

Induced Hypertension ◽

History Of

Low birth weight is a key determinant of infant survival, health and development. Low birth weight infants are at a greater risk of morbidity and mortality than an infant of normal birth weight and create a substantial strain on the healthcare system. Objectives: To determine the frequency of low birth weight at term and maternal contributing risk factors in women attending antenatal clinic at Creek General Hospital Korangi, Karachi. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Creek General Hospital, United Medical and Dental College Karachi. Period: From May 2017 to April 2018. Material & Methods: Those women who gave birth to babies with less than 2500gm at term, were included in the study to ascertain the frequency and risk factors of low birth weight including age, parity, booking status for antenatal care, pre-pregnancy BMI, history of tobacco intake, medical disorders arising in pregnancy like anemia, pregnancy induced hypertension and gestational diabetes mellitus, birth weight and fetal gender. The data was analyzed on SPSS software. Results: The prevalence of term low birth weight was 22%. Percentage of low birth weight babies among teenage mothers was 72.8%, among the studied mothers 67.4% were primipara, 91.5% had standard antenatal care, Pre-pregnancy BMI was found to be normal in 93% of mothers, 9 mothers (7%) had history of tobacco/ betel nut chewing habit. In this study, iron deficiency anemia was found to be most significant factor leading to LBW babies (62 %). 12% and 8% of mothers were diagnosed with Pregnancy induced Hypertension and Gestational Diabetes mellitus respectively. Regarding fetal gender, 68 were females (52.7%) and 61 (47.3%) were males. Conclusion: Low Birth Weight is an important contributing risk factor for perinatal mortality and morbidity in Pakistan. Anemia was found to be most significant risk factor leading to Low birth weight in our study.

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