scholarly journals Sintesis biodiesel dengan teknik ozonasi: investigasi produk ozonida etil-ester minyak kelapa dan minyak kedelai

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
Setijo Bismo ◽  
L Linda ◽  
Sofia Loren Butarbutar
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Ethyl Ester ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Cetane Index ◽  
Total Acid Number ◽  
Ozonation Process

Similarly with other alkyl-ester biodisesls, coconut oil and soybean oil ethyl-ester (COEE and SOEE) still retain some disadvantages to apply directly or used as diesel fuel additives, such as high viscosity and low ignition performance. The main objective of the reasearch is to introduce an alternative process to improve such drawbacks, that is to convert a small portion of ethyl-ester to ozonide compounds. The ozonolysis of ethyl-esters. whether catalytic or non-catalytic processes, generally yields ozonides, carboxylic acids, and hydrocarbons with shorter carbon chain, e.g. aldehyde and ketone to improve their fuel characteristics. The main problem of such ozonolysis is the effectiveness of the ozonation process itself Such a preliminary investigation of COEE and SOEE ozonation process to ozonides or other compounds, the presented results are the examination of main parameters such as, viscosity, density,  total acid number, water content,  and cetane index. The changes in the ethyl esters'physical and chemical properties werefound to be: an increased in their viscosity, total acid number, and cetane index, and also a decreased in their density and water content. The visible change after ozonation process was the odor ofthe esters. These parameters changes was an indicator that new substances have been producedfrom  the ozonation of ethyl esters.Keywords: Coconut Oil, Soyabean Oil, Biodiesel, Methyl Ester, Ethyl Ester, Ozonide, OzonolysisAbstrakBiodiesel etil-ester minyak kelapa dan kedelai, seperti juga alkif-ester lainnya, memiliki beberapa kelemahan bila digunakan langsung atau sebagai aditif bahan bakar mesin diesel, seperti viskositas yang tinggi dan sifat penyalaannya yang kurang baik. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah mencari proses alternatif untuk memperbaiki kekurangan-kekurangan tersebut, yaitu mengkonversi sebagian etil-ester menjadi senyawa ozonida. Reaksi ozonolisis alkil-ester, baik katalitik maupun non-katalitik, menghasilkan senyawa-senyawa ozonida, asam karboksilat, dan senyawa-senyawa hidrokarbon yang lebih pendek rantai karbonnya, seperti aldehida dan keton sehingga dapat meningkatkan karakteristiknya sebagai bahan bakar. Kendala utama dalam konversi tersebut adalah efektifltas dari reaksi ozonasi itu sendiri. Sebagai investigasi awal dari reaksi ozonasi etil-ester minyak kelapa dan kedelai menjadi senyawa ozonida dan senyawa-senyawa lainnya, disajikqn hasi­ hasill pengujian parameter-parameter utama, seperti viskositas, densitas, bilangan asam, kadar air dan indeks setana. Perubahan sifat-sifat fisika dan kimiawi yang dht}i setelah mengalami proses ozonasi adalah: kenaikan viskositas, bilangan asam, dan indeks setana, serta penurunan densitas dan kadar air. Sedangkan perubahan yang dapat diamati langsung adalah perubahan aromalbau dari etil-ester kedelai dan kelapa setelah mengalami proses ozonasi. Perubahan parameter-parameter yang diuji ini menandakan telah terbentuknya senyawa baru akibat reaksi etil-ester dengan ozon.Kata Kunci: Minyak Kelapa, Minyak Kedelai, Biodiesel, Metil-ester, Etil-ester, Ozonida, OzonolisisSimilarlywithotheralkyl-esterbiodisesls,coconutoilandsoybeanoilethyl-ester(COEEandSOEE)stillretainsomedisadvantagestoapplydirectlyorusedasdieselfueladditives,suchashighviscosityandlowignitionperformance.Themainobjectiveofthereasearchistointroduceanalternative processtoimprovesuch drawbacks,thatistoconvertasmallportionofethyl-estertoozonidecompounds.Theozonolysisofethyl-esters.whethercatalyticornon-catalyticprocesses,generallyyieldsozonides,carboxylicacids,andhydrocarbonswithshortercarbonchain,e.g.aldehydeand ketonetoimprovetheirfue/characteristics.ThemainproblemofsuchozonolysisistheeffectivenessoftheozonationprocessitselfSuchapreliminaryinvestigationofCOEEandSOEEozonationprocesstoozonidesorothercompounds,thepresentedresultsaretheexaminationofmainparameterssuchas,viscosity,density,  totalacidnumber,watercontent,  andcetaneindex.Thechangesintheethylesters'physicalandchemicalpropertieswerefoundtobe:anincreasedintheir viscosity,totalacidnumber,andcetaneindex,andalsoadecreasedintheirdensityandwatercontent. Thevisiblechangeafterozonationprocesswas theodorofthe esters.Theseparameterschangeswas anindicatorthatnewsubstanceshavebeenproducedfrom  theozonationofethylesters. Keywords:CoconutOil, SoyabeanOil,Biodiesel,MethylEster,EthylEster,Ozonide, Ozonolysis

Enhancing Rheological Properties and Reduction of Total Acid Number of a Heavy Crude Oil Using Ethanol and Trona

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Almadhaji ◽  
Mohammed Saeed ◽  
Hitham Ibrahim ◽  
Anas Ahmed ◽  
Ragaei Maher
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Capillary Viscometer ◽  
Heavy Crude Oil ◽  
Production Operation ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Total Acid Number ◽  
Heavy Crude

Abstract One of Sudanese fields has a heavy crude oil which has a high Total Acid Number (TAN) and high viscosity, can cause a lot of problems in production operation, transport, and storage facilities. The effect of ethanol dilution on the rheological properties of crude (especially the kinematic viscosity) was studied and presented. Moreover, the consequence of blending Trona (NaHCO3.Na2CO3) with a specified amount of Ethanol in the crude can reduce (TAN) to acceptable limits for solving corrosion and flowability problems. The approach is based on the experiments and laboratory works on the crude's samples after blending with a certain amount of Trona and Ethanol. It depends on the results of apparatuses, that are used to measure the samples, for instance, Calibrated glass capillary viscometer and ASTM D664 titration volume Total Acid Number tester which are employed to get the values of kinematic viscosity and TAN, respectively. The tests are established with crude have kinematic viscosity (187 cst) at temperature 75°C and TAN almost (8.51). While increasing the dosage of Trona at the ambient temperature (38°C) with the certain mass percentage of Ethanol (5%), TAN is decreased from (8.51 to 4.00 mgKOH/g). Also, the kinematic viscosity is declined from (187 cst to 96.75 cst) after increasing the volume of Ethanol at 75°C. These outcomes indicated that Ethanol could reduce Sudanese heavy crude's viscosity, and the Trona could decrease the TAN. This reduction occurred due to Ethanol dilution. The Ethanol molecules disturb the molecular structure of the crude, which forms polar bond within the hydrocarbon chain that leads to lower the friction between molecules of hydrocarbon in the crude. Also, Trona shrinks TAN because the Hydroxide ions (OH+) that founded in Trona neutralize the Hydrogen ions (H−) in Naphthenic acid in Sudanese heavy crude. This study can be summarized in the ability to solve the difficulty of transporting and processing the heavy crude oil in refineries; maintains the quality of the crude while utilizing it with friendly environmental materials and low cost.

scholarly journals Rapid Determination of Water, Total Acid Number, and Phenolic Content in Bio-Crude from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass using FT-IR

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 7660-7669 ◽  
Author(s):  
René B. Madsen ◽  
Konstantinos Anastasakis ◽  
Patrick Biller ◽  
Marianne Glasius
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Rapid Determination ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Total Acid Number ◽  
Ft Ir

Effects of calcium, magnesium, and strontium chlorides in determining the total acid number using potentiometric titration

Fuel ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 122522
Author(s):  
Hayane A. Fernandes ◽  
Luana N. Zanelato ◽  
Paulo A.P. Decote ◽  
Hélisson N. Santos ◽  
Caroline M. Senger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potentiometric Titration ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Total Acid Number ◽  
Calcium Magnesium

scholarly journals Synergistic Effect of the Total Acid Number, S, Cl, and H2O on the Corrosion of AISI 1020 in Acidic Environments

ACS Omega ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (32) ◽  
pp. 20311-20320
Author(s):  
Shuoxun Shen ◽  
Zhirong Wang ◽  
Juncheng Jiang ◽  
Xingyan Cao ◽  
Peipei Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Total Acid Number ◽  
Acidic Environments

scholarly journals Changes in Lubricant Properties of Used Synthetic Oils Based on the Total Acid Number

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Wolak
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Service Life ◽  
Short Distance ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Engine Oils ◽  
Total Acid Number

This article describes the processes of degradation of five engine oils belonging to the same SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) viscosity class but launched by different manufacturers. The direction and intensity of changes in the total acid number have been analyzed. As part of the experiment, the changes in engine oils occurring during operation have been examined. The operating conditions throughout the test can be described as “severe,” that is, frequent starting of the engine, short distance driving, and extended engine idling. All engine oils were operated in passenger cars of a uniform fleet of 25 vehicles. The total acid number was determined in accordance with the ASTM D664. The obtained results have led to the development of a statistical model enabling to calculate average predictive values of the total acid number for a given mileage. The results may facilitate decision-making regarding the service life of engine oils.

scholarly journals Contribution of acidic components to the total acid number (TAN) of bio-oil

Fuel ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 200 ◽  
pp. 171-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia K-E. Park ◽  
Jiaojun Liu ◽  
Sotira Yiacoumi ◽  
Abhijeet P. Borole ◽  
Costas Tsouris
Keyword(s):  
Acid Number ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Total Acid Number ◽  
Acidic Components

scholarly journals Research of Biodegradable Fluid Impacts on Operation of Tractor Hydraulic System

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdenko Tkáč ◽  
Štefan Čorňák ◽  
Vladimír Cviklovič ◽  
Ján Kosiba ◽  
Josef Glos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic System ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Hydraulic Fluid ◽  
Spectroscopy Analysis ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Transmission Systems ◽  
Transmission Oil ◽  
Total Acid Number ◽  
Transmission Fluid ◽  
Agricultural Tractors

Abstract This paper is focused on the impacts of the biodegradable hydraulic and transmission fluid (Universal Tractor Transmission Oil) on operation of tractor hydraulic and transmission systems. The fluid was used in the hydraulic and transmission systems of a Zetor Proxima 6321 tractor. Fluid samples were taken from the Zetor Proxima 6321 tractor at intervals of 250 engine hours. These samples were subjected to an infrared spectroscopy analysis in order to measure the total acid number and perform the ferrography analysis. This paper proves minimal impacts of the biodegradable hydraulic fluid on operation of the Zetor Proxima 6321 tractor. The biodegradable fluid meets the requirements for the operation of agricultural tractors in terms of low impacts on the wear of hydraulic components.

scholarly journals PROSES PEMBUATAN BIODIESEL DARI CAMPURAN MINYAK KELAPA DAN MINYAK JELANTAH

Konversi ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Muthia Elma ◽  
Satria Anugerah Suhendra ◽  
Wahyuddin Wahyuddin
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Ester Content ◽  
Total Glycerol

Abstrak-Indonesia memiliki hasil produksi buah kelapa yang hanya dimanfaatkan untuk memasak. Minyak jelantah merupakan hasil dari sisa penggorengan rumah tangga yang setelah penggunaanya menjadi limbah dan dapat mencemari lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memproduksi biodiesel dengan memanfaatkan campuran antara minyak kelapa dan minyak jelantah terhadap efek penambahan metanol dan waktu reaksi optimum dari pembuatan biodiesel. Proses produksi biodiesel dari campuran kedua bahan baku menggunakan proses dimana minyak kelapa dan minyak jelantah dicampurkan berdasarkan %-v/v dari 200 mL dengan perbandingan minyak jelantah (MJ) dan minyak kelapa (MK) yaitu 100MJ:0MK; 75MJ:25MK; 50MJ:50MK; 25MJ:75MK; dan 0MJ:100MK dengan komposisi metanol serta esterifikasi 38%; 30%; 28%; 19% serta untuk trasesterifikasi 19%; 20%; 21%; 25%. Pada reaksi esterifikasi menggunakan komposisi katalis H2SO4 0,5%, dan transesterifikasi menggunakan katalis KOH 0,9%. Yield yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini adalah: 100MJ:0MK 92,15%; 93,65%, 75MJ:25MK (96,65%), 50MJ:50MK (95,11%), 25MJ:25MK (96,65%) dan 100MK:0MJ (82,65%). Analisa gliserol total yang didapat pada penelitian ini adalah 100MJ:0M (0,19%), 75MJ:25MK (0,21%), 50MJ:50MK (0,23%) 25MJ:25MK (0,22%) dan 100MK:0MJ (0,26%). Dari hasil analisa gliserol total tersebut didapat sampel yang terbaik yakni 50MJ:50MK dengan nilai glirserol total 0,23% dengan waktu 60 menit untuk esterifikasi dan 70 menit untuk transesterifikasi, dengan analisa angka asam yang didapatkan sebesar 0,2117, angka penyabunan 198,41; ester content  yang didapat sebesar 98,163% water content untuk sebesar 0,56 ppm. Keseluruhan dari hasil analisa biodiesel tersebut memenuhi standar EN 14214.  Kata kunci: minyak kelapa, minyak jelantah, biodiesel, FFA, trigliserida, gliserol total.  Abstract-Coconut oil is normally produced as cooking oil in some areas in Indonesia. However, palm oil mostly produced by industries as vegetable/cooking oil.Waste cooking oil from palm oil becomes a big problem in the environment, and creates pollution. This research aims to use waste cooking oil to produce biodiesel by mixing waste cooking oil and coconut oil. Those mixed oils become raw materials for this proces. The composition of the mixtures are  100MJ: 0MK; 75MJ: 25MK; 50MJ: 50MK; 25MJ: 75MK; and 0MJ: 100MK (% v / v of waste cooking oil (MJ) and coconut oil (MK)).The total of 200 mL oil mixtures was used for the esterification process with methanol composition were 38%; 30%; 28%; and trans-esterification were 19%; 20%; 21%; 23%. Esterification reaction was using the 0,5% H2SO4 as a catalyst, while transesterification was using 0.9% KOH as catalyst. The yield of biodiesel this reaserch were: 100MJ: 0MK (92.15%), 75MJ: 25MK (96.65%), 50MJ: 50MK (95.11%), 25MJ: 25MK (96.65%) and 100MK: 0MJ (82.65%). Furthermore, the total glycerol values were 100MJ:0MK (0.19%), 75MJ: 25MK (0.21%), 50MJ:50MK (0.23%) 25MJ: 25MK (0.22%) and 100MK: 0MJ (0.26%). EN14214 standard shows that the best composition of mixtured oils was 50MJ:50MK. Then, the total glycerol was 0.23% (60-70 minutes for the esterification and transesterification reaction). Acid number value was 0.2117, saponification number was 198.41; ester content was 98.163% and water content was 0.56 ppm.  Keywords: coconut oil, waste cooking oil, biodiesel, FFA, triglyceride, total glycerol.

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