Net energy content of rice bran, corn germ meal, corn gluten feed, peanut meal, and sunflower meal in growing pigs

Abstract Mineral concentrations were determined in 13 different feed ingredients commonly used in swine diets. Ingredients included corn and 4 corn co-products: corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal, corn germ meal, and corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Wheat, wheat bran, and wheat shorts were also included, and 5 oilseed meals including soybean meal, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, cottonseed meal, and peanut meal were used as well. Corn grain contained 88.7% dry matter (DM) and 0.46% K (DM basis). Greater concentrations of DM, ash, Ca, P, nonphytate P, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn were observed in corn gluten feed, corn DDGS, and corn germ meal compared with corn grain (P < 0.05). In general, minerals in corn DDGS were approximately three times greater than in corn grain and about 90% of the total P in corn DDGS was in the nonphytate bound form. Corn gluten meal had the least concentrations (P < 0.05) of most minerals, but the greatest (P < 0.05) concentrations of Fe (373.55 mg/kg, DM basis), Cu (11.88 mg/kg, DM basis), and Se (0.92 mg/kg, DM basis). On a DM-basis, concentrations of DM, Ca, P, phytate bound P, and Fe in wheat grain were 88.2%, 0.10%, 0.34%, 0.16%, and 53.48 mg/kg, respectively. Wheat bran contained more (P < 0.05) K, Mg, Cl, Fe, Zn, and Mn compared with wheat and wheat shorts. On a DM-basis, 2.72% K was observed in soybean meal, which was more (P < 0.05) than in the other oilseed meals. However, rapeseed meal had the greatest (P < 0.05) concentration of ash (9.37%), Ca (1.01%), P (1.05%), and Fe (526.49 mg/kg) among the oilseed meals, but only 16.2% of the total P in rapeseed meal was non-phytate P. In contrast, more than 50% of the P in soybean meal and peanut meal was non-phytate P. The least (P < 0.05) concentration of Cu (6.73 mg/kg, DM basis) was observed in rapeseed meal and the greatest (P < 0.05) concentration (32.75 mg/kg) was analyzed in sunflower meal. Concentrations of most minerals in soybean meal, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, cottonseed meal, and peanut meal varied considerably compared with published values. In conclusion, the concentration of minerals in 13 commonly used feed ingredients were analyzed and results indicated considerable variation among and within feed ingredients for most minerals, which for some minerals may be a result of differences in minerals in the soil in which the ingredients were grown, but processing likely also contributes to differences among ingredients.

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Determining the net energy value of wet and dry corn gluten feed in beef growing and finishing diets

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.2527/1995.732353x ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 73 (2) ◽

pp. 353-359 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

G. A. Ham ◽

R. A. Stock ◽

T. J. Klopfenstein ◽

R. P. Huffman

Keyword(s):

Net Energy ◽

Energy Value ◽

Finishing Diets ◽

Corn Gluten ◽

Corn Gluten Feed ◽

Net Energy Value ◽

Gluten Feed

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Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in cereal grains and co-products in growing pigs

Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences ◽

10.5713/ajas.19.0449 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (7) ◽

pp. 1148-1155

Author(s):

Su A Lee ◽

Jong Young Ahn ◽

Ah Reum Son ◽

Beob Gyun Kim

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Rice Bran ◽

Wheat Bran ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Cereal Grains ◽

Corn Gluten Meal ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Corn Gluten ◽

Corn Gluten Feed ◽

Gluten Feed

Objective: The objective was to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in cereal grains and various co-products fed to growing pigs.Methods: Ten feed ingredients tested were barley (9.3% CP), lupin kernels (31.1% CP), and wheat (11.3% CP) as cereal grains, and 2 sources of corn gluten feed produced in China (21.6% CP) and Korea (24.6% CP), corn gluten meal (65.3% CP), lupin hulls (11.6% CP), rice bran (14.5% CP), soybean meal (44.8% CP), and wheat bran (15.4% CP) as co-products. Ten experimental diets were formulated to contain each ingredient as a sole source of N and an N-free diet was used to correct basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. All diets also contained 0.5% Cr2O3 as an indigestible index. A replicated 11×6 incomplete Latin square design with 11 dietary treatments, 6 periods, and 22 animals was employed. Twenty-two barrows with an initial body weight of 64.6±4.9 kg were equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. An experimental period consisted of a 4-d adaptation period and a 2-d collection period.Results: The SID of CP in the barley, lupin kernels, wheat, 2 sources of corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal, lupin hulls, rice bran, soybean meal, and wheat bran were 84.7%, 90.5%, 90.4%, 77.4%, 74.6%, 89.5%, 90.4%, 74.4%, 86.9%, and 63.4% (standard error of the mean [SEM] = 5.3, p = 0.006), respectively. The respective SID values of Lys were 75.5%, 88.4%, 83.9%, 74.7%, 62.4%, 80.3%, 83.9%, 78.5%, 88.0%, and 71.2% (SEM = 3.3, p<0.001), and the SID values of Met were 83.6%, 88.7%, 89.4%, 85.7%, 78.3%, 88.9%, 89.4%, 85.3%, 91.1%, and 77.0% (SEM = 2.4, p<0.001), respectively.Conclusion: The ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids varies among the feed ingredients fed to pigs.

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Net energy of ensiled wet corn gluten feed in corn silage diets for finishing steers

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.2527/1991.6952204x ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 69 (5) ◽

pp. 2204-2210 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M. P. Schrage ◽

H. D. Woody ◽

A. W. Young

Keyword(s):

Corn Silage ◽

Net Energy ◽

Finishing Steers ◽

Corn Gluten ◽

Corn Gluten Feed ◽

Wet Corn Gluten Feed ◽

Gluten Feed

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Effects of corn gluten feed inclusion at graded levels in a corn-soybean diet on the ileal and fecal digestibility of growing pigs

Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology ◽

10.1186/2049-1891-5-40 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gerardo Mariscal Landín ◽

Tércia Cesária Reis de Souza ◽

Ericka Ramírez Rodríguez

Keyword(s):

Growing Pigs ◽

Corn Gluten ◽

Corn Gluten Feed ◽

Gluten Feed ◽

Soybean Diet

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Feedlot cattle diets based on barley or corn supplemented with dry corn gluten feed evaluated using the NRC and CNCPS beef models

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/a04-060 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 85 (3) ◽

pp. 365-375 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Karen A. Beauchemin ◽

Karen M. Koenig

Keyword(s):

Energy Content ◽

National Research Council ◽

Barley Grain ◽

Feedlot Cattle ◽

Carcass Composition ◽

Feeding Period ◽

Corn Gluten ◽

Corn Gluten Feed ◽

Gluten Feed ◽

Corn Grain

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementing feedlot finishing corn diets with dry corn gluten feed (CGF). Animal performance and carcass traits were compared with those obtained by feeding a barley-based diet typical of diets fed commercially in western Canadian feedlots. The second objective of the experiment was to evaluate the diets using the 1996 National Research Council (NRC) Beef (level 1 and 2) and Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS, version 5.0) models to determine how well the models predict animal response. Crossbred beef steers (248) weighing 423 ± 20.5 kg were allocated to 24 pens and then six pens were assigned to each of four diets: (1) barley grain (13.8% crude protein, CP), (2) corn grain (9.2% CP), (3) corn grain supplemented with a low level (7%, DM basis) of CGF (CGF-low, 9.7% CP), and (4) corn grain supplemented with a high level (23%) of CGF (CGF-high, 11.7% CP). The barley grain was steam-rolled and the corn grain was dry-rolled. All diets contained 8% barley silage (DM basis). The cattle were adapted from a backgrounding diet to the experimental diets over a period of 28 d and then fed for a period of 136 d. During the adaptation phase cattle fed unsupplemented corn grew slower (P < 0.05) than the cattle fed the other diets (1.23 vs. 1.52 kg d-1). However, after day 42 of the study, cattle fed unsupplemented corn grew very rapidly such that gain for the entire feeding period was similar for cattle fed unsupplemented corn and barley diets (1.62 vs. 1.58, P > 0.05). Furthermore, growth rate was higher (P < 0.05) for cattle fed barley or unsupplemented corn than for cattle fed low or high levels of CGF (1.48 and 1.45 kg d-1, respectively). The dry matter intake (DMI) averaged 11.4 kg d-1 during the feeding period and was not affected (P > 0.05) by diet. Feed:gain ratio (kg DM:kg gain) was similar (P > 0.05) for cattle fed barley (7.09) and unsupplemented corn (7.38), but was higher (P < 0.05) for cattle fed CGF-high (7.92), and intermediate (P > 0.05) for those fed CGF-low (7.52). There were no differences in carcass composition between barley and corn-fed cattle, but those fed low and high levels of CGF had carcasses that were fatter with lower lean meat yield. The three models underestimated DMI of all four diets. When DMI was set to observed intake in the models, CNCPS accurately predicted ADG and F:G ratio for cattle fed corn diets, but all models underestimated ADG of cattle fed barley. All models correctly predicted that gain during the feeding period was not limited by protein supply. The results from this study indicate that rolled-corn diets containing about 9.5% CP, with 50% of the CP as DIP are adequate for feedlot cattle weighing more that 500 kg. Substituting dry CGF for corn grain reduces feed efficiency and gain due to the lower digestible energy content of CGF. Key words: Grain, barley, corn, corn gluten feed, feedlot cattle, protein, models

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Distribution Analysis of Twelve Mycotoxins in Corn and Corn-Derived Products by LC-MS/MS to Evaluate the Carry-Over Ratio during Wet-Milling

Toxins ◽

10.3390/toxins10080319 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 319 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Juhee Park ◽

Dong-Ho Kim ◽

Ji-Young Moon ◽

Jin-Ah An ◽

Young-Woo Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ochratoxin A ◽

Corn Germ ◽

Distribution Analysis ◽

Wet Milling ◽

Corn Bran ◽

Two Samples ◽

Corn Gluten ◽

Corn Gluten Feed ◽

Gluten Feed ◽

By Products

This study investigated the distribution of twelve mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2; ochratoxin A; fumonisins B1 and B2; deoxynivalenol; nivalenol; zearalenone; T-2 toxin; and HT-2 toxin) in corn and corn by-products (corn bran, cornstarch, corn gluten, corn gluten feed, corn germ, light steep water, and corn steep liquor) produced by wet-milling in Korea. Fifty-two samples were collected from three factories producing cornstarch and other corn by-products. The samples were pretreated on an immunoaffinity column (IAC), and then the levels of the 12 mycotoxins were analyzed simultaneously by liquid chromatography-coupled triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Fusarium mycotoxins were mainly found in raw corn and corn gluten feed samples. Other mycotoxins—such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and HT-2 toxin—were detected in tiny amounts below the limit of quantification (LOQ) in cornstarch, corn germ, and corn bran. Ochratoxin A and nivalenol were mainly carried over into cornstarch. Aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and the fumonisins were concentrated in corn gluten feed. Zearalenone was evenly distributed in all corn by-products except cornstarch during the milling process.

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PERUBAHAN KANDUNGAN ASAM FITAT DAN ASAM AMINO ESENSIAL BAHAN-BAHAN ORGANIK PAKAN YANG DIFERMENTASI RAGI TEMPE

Jurnal Bioteknologi & Biosains Indonesia (JBBI) ◽

10.29122/jbbi.v8i1.4743 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 42-56

Author(s):

Arina Muniroh ◽

Imam Suja'i ◽

Aji Wibowo ◽

Henry Kasman Hadi Saputra ◽

Etyn Yunita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Phytic Acid ◽

Rice Bran ◽

Organic Materials ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Copra Meal ◽

Corn Gluten ◽

Corn Gluten Feed ◽

Bean Meal ◽

Gluten Feed

Changes in the Contents of Phytic Acid and Essential Amino Acids of Animal Feed Organic Materials Fermented by Tempe Starter The contents of antinutrients and nutrients are important in the selection of feed ingredients, especially for monogastric animals. The aim of this study is to determine the change in the contents of antinutrient phytic acid and nutrient essential amino acid in selected organic materials. Nine organic ingredients of agro-industrial by-products, namely rice bran, coffee skin, cassava bagasse, corn, coconut dreg, soy bean meal, pollard, corn gluten feed (CGF), and copra meal were fermented in solid state using tempeh starter for 48 hours at 30°C. Dense mycelia overgrowing evenly on the top, bottom, and cross-sliced surfaces was observed on rice bran, maize and copra meal substrates. These 3 selected organic materials were then analysed for the content of phytic acid and essential amino acids. The results showed that the lowest decrease (75.80%) in phytic acid content occurred in maize, namely from 18.49 ± 0.41 mg g-1 (before fermentation) to 4.48 ± 0.19 mg g-1 (after fermentation). The highest increase (59%) of total essential amino acids occurred in copra meal, namely from 38,991.89 ± 447.12 mg kg-1 (before fermentation) to 61,816.56 ± 894.24 mg kg-1 (after fermentation). Kandungan antinutrisi dan nutrisi merupakan hal penting dalam pemilihan bahan pakan, terutama untuk hewan monogastrik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui perubahan kandungan antinutrisi asam fitat dan nutrisi asam amino esensial pada bahan organik tertentu yang terpilih. Sembilan bahan organik yang merupakan hasil samping agroindustri, yakni dedak padi, kulit kopi, onggok, jagung, ampas kelapa, bungkil kedelai (soy bean meal), dedak gandum (pollard), produk samping jagung corn gluten feed (CGF), dan bungkil kopra difermentasi padat menggunakan ragi tempe selama 48 jam pada suhu 30°C. Miselium yang tumbuh subur, padat, dan merata pada permukaan atas, bawah, dan irisan melintang teramati pada dedak padi, jagung, dan bungkil kopra. Tiga bahan organik terpilih ini kemudian dianalisa kandungan asam fitat dan asam amino esensialnya. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa penurunan terbesar (75,80%) kandungan asam fitat terjadi pada jagung, yakni dari 18,49 ± 0,41 mg g-1 (sebelum fermentasi) menjadi 4,48 ± 0,19 mg g-1 (setelah fermentasi). Peningkatan tertinggi (59%) asam amino esensial total terjadi pada bungkil kopra, yakni dari 38.991,89 ± 447,12 mg kg-1 (sebelum fermentasi) menjadi 61.816,56 ± 894,24 mg kg-1 (setelah fermentasi).

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