scholarly journals Beyond Mortality

Author(s):  
Heather Battles ◽  
Rebecca Gilmour

Epidemics and pandemics are typically discussed in terms of morbidity and mortality, susceptibility and immunity, and social responses to and impacts of the immediate epidemic event. Much less attention is paid to the longer-term consequences for individuals and populations in terms of the sequelae of infections, such as blindness after smallpox, deafness due to congenital rubella, and paralysis after polio. This same tendency is observed in the COVID-19 pandemic, with counts of cases and deaths, questions of immunity, and economic impacts at the foreground and long-term or chronic health impairment of COVID-19 survivors receiving less attention. Much of the existing research on the effects of such disease sequelae has come from disability history; in addition, the bioarchaeology of impairment/disability is an emerging area of research that can contribute insight into experiences of disease consequences. In this article, we give an overview of published work on survivors of infectious disease using both bioarchaeology and disability history. Using the example of post-polio paralysis, we propose a theoretical approach to the bioarchaeological study of infectious disease that is inclusive of the history of impairment and disability, which we refer to as a survivor lens. We structure this discussion through scaffolded questions that move through multiple levels of analysis: from the individual and relational to the drivers of cultural change. We argue that bioarchaeological research on past epidemics and pandemics that attends to morbidity and lasting impairment and disability can contribute to wider conversations about infectious disease and disability in the past and present.   En général, les épidémies et les pandémies sont considérées en termes de morbidité et de mortalité, de susceptibilité et d’immunité, et de réponses sociales et d’impacts immédiats de l’événement épidémique. Moins d’attention est accordée aux conséquences à long terme pour les individus et les populations en termes de séquelles d’infections, telles que la cécité après la variole, la surdité due à la rubéole congénitale et la paralysie après la polio. Cette même tendance est observée lors de la pandémie de COVID-19. Il y a moins d’attention accordée au nombre de cas et de décès, aux questions d’immunité et d’impacts économiques au premier plan, et aux problèmes de santé à long terme ou chroniques des survivants de COVID-19 reçoivent. Une grande partie de la recherche existante sur les effets de ces séquelles de la maladie provient de la recherche sur les déficiences/handicaps. De plus, la bioarchéologie de la déficience/handicap est un domaine de recherche émergent qui peut contribuer à mieux comprendre les expériences des conséquences de maladie. Dans cet article, nous donnons un aperçu des travaux publiés sur les survivants de maladies infectieuses en utilisant à la fois la bioarchéologie et l’histoire du handicap. En utilisant l’exemple de la paralysie post-polio, nous proposons une approche théorique de l’étude bioarchéologique des maladies infectieuses qui inclut l’histoire de la déficience/handicap, que nous appelons une lentille de survivant. Nous structurons cette discussion à travers des questions échafaudées qui traversent de multiples niveaux d’analyse: de l’individu au relationnel, jusqu’au aux changements culturels. Nous soutenons que la recherche bioarchéologique sur les épidémies et pandémies historiques qui examine la morbidité et le handicap peut contribuer à des conversations plus larges sur les maladies infectieuses et le handicap au passé ainsi qu’au présent.

Author(s):  
Christophe Sand

New Caledonia is the southern-most archipelago of Melanesia. Its unique geological diversity, as part of the old Gondwana plate, has led to specific pedological and floral environments that have, since first human settlement, influenced the ways Pacific Islanders have occupied and used the landscape. This essay presents some of the key periods of the nearly 3,000 years of pre-colonial human settlement. After having presented a short history of archaeological research in New Caledonia, the essay focuses first on the Lapita foundation, which raises questions of long-term contacts and cultural change. The second part details the unique specificities developed during the “Traditional Kanak Cultural Complex,” during the millennium predating first European contact, as well as highlighting the massive changes brought by the introduction of new diseases, in the decades before the colonial settlement era. This leads to questions about archaeological history and the role of archaeology in the present decolonizing context.


1994 ◽  
Vol 160 ◽  
pp. 77-94
Author(s):  
Ľ. Kresák

The definition, population, extent, origin and evolution of the individual subsystems of comets and transitions between them are discussed, together with presentation of the relevant statistical data and their changes with time. The largest outer subsystems are unobservable, but their existence is documented by the necessity of progressive replenishment of the observable populations, with limited survival times. There is persuasive evidence for two different evolutionary paths, one from the Oort cloud and another from the Kuiper belt. While the extent and accuracy of the data available is increasing rapidly, the Jupiter family of comets is the only one for which the evolutionary time scales do not exceed by many orders of magnitude the history of astronomical observations. The individual comet populations differ from one another not only by the distribution of orbits, but also by the size distribution and aging rate of their members. Their dynamical evolution is coupled with disintegration processes, which make it questionable whether the present state can be interpreted as a long-term average.


NAN Nü ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-178
Author(s):  
Sarah Mellors

Abstract In recent years, public health officials and scholars have voiced their concerns about comparatively low condom use in China, citing high rates of abortion and the growing HIV/AIDS crisis. By examining condom use through the lenses of gender and the history of medicine, this article traces heterosexual condom consumption in China from the early twentieth century to the present and situates contemporary attitudes toward condoms within long-term contraceptive patterns. Rather than simply taking for granted the role that men play in family planning decisions, this research takes men and masculinity as a central focus. An eye to the past reveals numerous historical obstacles to condom use, as well as an enduring aversion to condoms grounded in fears of reduced male sexual pleasure, and the gendered assumption that birth control is the sole responsibility of women. Analyzing evolving perceptions of condoms sheds light on constructions of sexuality, gender relations, and the roles of the state, society, and the individual in contraceptive decision-making in China.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tabea Lenhard

In this exploratory study, Tabea Lenhard examines the importance of Christian spirituality for long-term addicts in Germany. Interviews were conducted among people with a complex history of addiction who ascribed great personal relevance to the Christian faith. This empirical study gives a systematical overview on the individual patterns of interpretation and biographical experiences of addicts: How are, in the perspective of addicts, spirituality and addiction connected to each other? What impact do they attribute to faith in their lives? The research results are embedded in the international scientific discourse and practical conclusions for working with addicts are drawn. With a foreword by Katrin Liel.


1966 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emile Pin

After an introductory section in which are considered the diversity of religious phenomena from the point of view of motivation, the diversity which exists within the same religion, the discrepancy between motivations which are officially approved and effective motivations — and the causes of this discrepancy — the author discusses religious motivation and makes a distinction between primary and secondary motivation. The primary motivations which are first encountered in the history of religions seem to be of the cosmological and biological order. They are based on man's lack of scientific and technical knowledge and the transition to a technical civilisation destroys them at the roots. In spite of technical control over the universe, however, man is still faced with the mystery of death and this in turn gives rise to the desire to prolong his temporal life in the time hereafter. Religions which preach salvation answer this desire. The motivation based on the desire for eternal salvation is much more resistant to socio-cultural changes than the other primary motivations mentioned, but it can, at the same time, lead to a break between normal contemporary activities and religious rites. A third primary motivation, and one which is equally capable of resisting socio- cultural changes, is the purely spiritual desire to do the will of God. The sociologist could question the possibility of observing such a motivation, but it is possible at least to observe the desire to acquire it. Secondary motivations are those which lead people to become members of groups; the individual wishes to submit to the norms of the group. The latter may be a 'civil' group or it may be specifically religious. The first secondary motivation is that of cultural spontanaeity. It is encountered in personalities which are 'tradition-directed'. It does not require a conscious and deliberate attachment to prevailing customs. If the custom changes then the behaviour of the individual changes also. In the case of movement to a technical civilisation where the prevailing culture is pluralist and religiously neutral, the migrant, true to his habit of confirming to the prevailing custom, will cling as faithfully to the new custom as he did to the old. The second motivation examined in the article is the socio-cultural motivation. This is encountered in personalities which are 'inner-directed' which see religion as a cultural institution and which look upon religious organisation as an agency of social control necessary for maintaining order and culture. When socio-cultural change occurs, this motivation does not lead to the abandonment of religious activities but rather to a concentration upon those activities which are kept alive in 'in-groups' where it is possible to nourish memories of the past. The socio-religiorss motivation — that is, the motivation which comes from belonging to a religious society which is clearly distinguished from civil society — requires a sense of belonging to a religious group as such. A number of intermediary stages can come before the birth of this motivation towards the pure state: family, school, local group, ethnic minority, etc. This motivation can resist socio-cultural changes and, in particular, can be proof against the change to an industrial technical society. In conclusion: the transition from a pre-industrial to an industrial society on the part of a particular social class, region or nation will be accom panied by the retention or even the renewal of religious activity, or, on the contrary, by its disappearance, largely as a result of the type of motivations which the religious society has produced in its members before the epoch of change. That which worked efficiently yesterday can be a cause of the failures and losses of tomorrow.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rizki Akbar ◽  
Putu Ristyaning Ayu Sangging

Hypersensitive pneumonitis (HP), also known as extrinsic allergic alveolitis, is a complex pulmonary syndrome mediated by the immune system and caused by inhalation of various antigens that have previously been sensitized by the individual. The pathobiology of this disease is not fully understood, but in addition to the triggers that initiate the disease, genetic factors tend to be necessary, because only a small proportion of people are exposed to HP. Because of the lack of standard diagnostic standards, the diagnosis of HP is not directly established and depends on several factors, including the history of exposure, antibodies present in specific antigens, clinical features, bronchoalveolar lavage (LAB), and radiological and pathological features. However, in proper management, high suspicion is significant and can negate the need for more invasive tests. Clinical manifestations and allergic history vary greatly. Corticosteroids may be useful in acute episodes to relieve symptoms or chronic progressive disease, but their long-term effects have never been validated in prospective clinical trials. We conduct a systematic review of published journals about HP. The search uses the Pubmed database using the medical term (MeSH) until January 2020. A total of 13 journals and one textbook were identified.


Author(s):  
Helen Graham ◽  
Victoria Green ◽  
Kassie Headon ◽  
Nigel Ingham ◽  
Sue Ledger ◽  
...  

This chapter discusses the Inclusive Archive of Learning Disability History. It points to a collaborative relationship between the political ideas derived from public political logics — public service, public sphere, ‘on behalf of the public’ and for posterity — and those that derive from relational and personal-centred politics. Rather than favouring one or the other, the chapter argues that for an archive to be an archive, and for it to be an inclusive one, an approach to archival practice that held both the public and the relational political traditions in dialogue needed to be developed. Both political traditions have a history of being very effectively expressed in the learning disability self-advocacy movement as speaking up and being heard, and of arguing for services to start with the individual by being more ‘person-centered’. As such, the chapter reveals that the task of this archive is to explore fruitful combinations and collaborations between the two political traditions.


1974 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Oakland

The theoloical concept of sanctification is discussed from the reformed and Wesleyan perspective and equated with the psychological concept of self-actualization. Both concepts attempt to describe a long term growth process in the individual whereby certain characteristics become increasingly prominent. Christ is set forth as the outstanding example of a self-actualizing person and a study of sanctification in the history of Christianity will unearth some very significant and helpful discoveries for growth-oriented people.


1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham A. Rogeness ◽  
Erin B. McClure

AbstractNorepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5HT) are three of the more than thirty neurotransmitters (NTs) in the brain. Axons from a relatively small number of cell bodies located in the midbrain and brainstem branch out to connect with virtually all areas of the brain. Via these connections, these three NTs participate in the regulation of several behavioral systems that help modulate the interaction of the individual with his/her environment. Because the NT systems continue to develop after birth, interactions between the individual and his/her environment after birth may affect the development of these systems and have long-term effects on the individual's behavior. Animal studies indicate that early experience affects behavior and biogenic amine systems in the adult. For instance, one study showed that maternal deprivation, which is analogous to human neglect, affects the NE system in monkeys and may have a long-lasting effect on its development and function. In a previous study, similar relationships between early neglect and the NE system in humans were examined. Our results show that emotionally disturbed children with a history of neglect have lower dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH) activity, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of NE, than do children with no history of neglect. Additionally, the children with a history of neglect have lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure, both of which are functions mediated by the NE system, than the other children studied. These results support findings in animal studies that neglect affects the development of the NE system in a long-lasting, if not permanent way.


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