scholarly journals Inferring Companies Similarities from Brazilian Government Expenditure Data

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Pita ◽  
Gustavo Torres
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Connected Components ◽  
Public Agencies ◽  
Basic Cluster ◽  
Brazilian Government ◽  
Expenditure Data ◽  
Financial Transactions

A graph-based method is proposed for inferring similarities among companies from their affiliations in the context of expenditure financial transactions in the Brazilian Federal Government. There are trusted and untrusted companies. We performed a basic cluster analysis in the companies network to verify whether clusters (connected components) are discriminative concerning companies trustworthiness. Results show evidences that this is true, reinforcing the following hypotheses: (1) there are suppliers associations, which evidences the formation of cartels; and (2) public agencies and agents play an important role in the legality of financial transactions.

Impact of Health and Agriculture Financing on Economic Growth in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (18) ◽  
pp. 37-58
Author(s):  
Rasaki Olufemi KAREEM ◽  
◽  
Olawale LATEEF ◽  
Muideen Adejare ISIAKA ◽  
Kamilu RAHEEM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Series Data ◽  
The Impact

The study focused on the impact of health and agriculture financing on economic growth in Nigeria from 1981 to 2019. The study utilized the time series data which was extracted from Central Bank of Nigeria annual statistical bulletin. Unit Root test was performed with the use of Augmented Dickey-Fuller test in order to ascertain the stationarity of all the variables and they were all found to be stationary at order 1 in the two specified models (composite and disaggregated). Error Correction Model (ECM) was used to analyze the data in order to determine the speed of adjustment from the short run to the long run equilibrium state. Casualty test was used to confirm causal relationship among the variables of interests. The study revealed that Federal Government expenditure in Health sector has a significant effect on economic growth in Nigeria. Federal Government expenditure in Agricultural sector equally had a positive effect on economic growth but surprisingly not significant. Considering the disaggregated form, Federal Government capital expenditure in both Health and Agricultural sectors have positive and statistically significant effect on economic growth while Federal Government recurrent expenditure on health has a positive and statistically insignificant effect in economic. It was also revealed that there is causal relationship among the variables. Based on the findings, the study concluded that Federal Government Expenditure in Health Sectors and Agriculture Sectors have effect on economic growth in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Government expenditure in New Zealand since 1935: a preliminary reassessment

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Gibbons
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Economic Issue ◽  
Size Of Government ◽  
Expenditure Data ◽  
Term Data

The optimal size of government is an important political and economic issue. However, because no long-term government expenditure series has official standing, New Zealand is often a missing case in comparative studies of government expenditure (Castles, 1998). Although government expenditure data is available from 1972 on Treasury’s website (New Zealand Treasury, 2016), the most widely used data before 1972 is a ‘consolidated’ long-term data series, on Statistics New Zealand’s website, which uses data from a number of sources and is published with strong disclaimers. 

The Church and the Tax Law: Keeping Church and State Separate

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-53
Author(s):  
Mary Ann Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Federal Court ◽  
Establishment Clause ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Tax Benefits ◽  
Financial Transactions ◽  
The Church

ABSTRACT In a democracy characterized by the separation of church and state, what role does the federal government play in regulating the activities and the financial transactions of churches and other religious nonprofit organizations? What are the current federal requirements regarding tax exemption for churches, tax deductibility of donations to churches, and political activity by churches, and are these requirements justified? Rather than interfering with the free exercise of religion, does the federal government actually come closer to violating the establishment clause of the First Amendment by providing inappropriate tax benefits to churches and clergy? This paper discusses tax laws and federal court decisions relating to these and other issues.

The impact of rate capping on local government expenditure

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subba Reddy Yarram ◽  
Brian Dollery ◽  
Carolyn-Dung Thi Thanh Tran
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Aged Care ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Local Council ◽  
Local Government Finance ◽  
Australian State ◽  
Expenditure Data ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

In common with higher tiers of government worldwide, Australian state governments often adopt highly interventionist ‘one-size-fits-all’ policies aimed at improving local government efficiency and performance. In this article, we employ recent expenditure data to investigate empirically the short-term impacts of rate capping on municipal expenditure in the Australian state of Victoria and to explore whether it had differential effects on spending by different types of local authorities. We find that while total spending did not fall, budgets for ‘invisible’ services, like aged care and disabled services, did decline. Our analysis also shows that the impact of rate capping on the various types of municipal expenditures is uneven between the different categories of local authority. Our findings add to the existing literature on local government finance by demonstrating that the impact of rate capping varies according to different expenditure types classified by local council categories in a non-linear population framework.

The Voluntary Sector's War on Poverty

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Morris
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
War On Poverty ◽  
Public Agencies ◽  
Social Provision ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Security Act ◽  
Economic Opportunity Act ◽  
Welfare Agencies ◽  
The Welfare State

In 1970, Elizabeth Wickenden, a longtime activist on behalf of public social provision and a broker between voluntary social welfare agencies and the federal government, despaired of a quiet revolution occurring in social service provision. “Virtually unchallenged and undebated,” she observed, “the principle established with the first large-scale federal welfare program, the Federal Emergency Welfare Administration [sic], that public funds should only be expended by public agencies, was quietly repudiated.” Through a series of domestic initiatives, including the Economic Opportunity Act of 1965 and amendments to the Social Security Act in 1967, the federal government had begun to channel a significant amount of money through nongovernmental organizations. To older activists like Wickenden, who had fought hard to build the public infrastructure of the welfare state, such a trend was troubling, as it seemed to indicate a dwindling commitment to public social provision that had informed New Deal social policy.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Federal Government Revenues and Expenditures in Pakistan

2010 ◽  
Vol 49 (4II) ◽  
pp. 641-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fazal Husain ◽  
Muhammad Ali Qasim ◽  
Mahmood Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Budget Deficit ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Price Stability ◽  
Government Revenue ◽  
Government Deficits ◽  
Significant Interest ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Relationship

A sound fiscal policy is important to promote price stability and sustain growth in output and employment. Fiscal policy is regarded as an instrument that can be used to lessen short-run fluctuations in output and employment in many debates of macroeconomic policy. It can also be used to bring the economy to its potential level. If policymakers understand the relationship between government expenditure and government revenue, continuous government deficits can be prevented. Hence the relationship between government expenditure and government revenue has attracted significant interest. This is due to the fact that the relationship between government revenue and expenditure has an impact on the budget deficit. The causal relationship between government revenue and expenditure has remained an empirically debatable issue in the field of public finance. The question of which variable takes precedence over the other has been a central issue to this debate.

Attribute Recognition of Buried Pipes Based on Multi-Trace Phase Features Using K-means Clustering for GPR Data Interpretation

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-132
Author(s):  
Deshan Feng ◽  
Xun Wang ◽  
Hua Zhang ◽  
Jun Yang ◽  
Zhongming Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Phase Difference ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Object Identification ◽  
Connected Components ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Difference Analysis ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Attribute Recognition ◽  
Cluster Analysis Technique

Accurate location and depth determination of underground pipes, especially the attribute recognition, are of great importance yet remake a challenging issue in municipal environments. Single-trace phase difference analysis remains a bottleneck due to its inherent and strong randomness in object identification. This paper developed a multi-trace phase difference analysis framework for ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data based on K-means cluster analysis technique and the theory of region of interest (ROI), which could serve as a new criterion for successful pipe attribute recognition. After improving signal-to-noise ratio of GPR data by using the preprocessing techniques, the connected components algorithms (CCA) based on image segmentation and morphological operation is performed to delineate the ROI. The K-means cluster analysis technique is further employed to efficiently extract the multi-trace phase statistical features for comprehensively evaluating the attributes of ROI. We verify this proposed framework by simulated GPR signals, laboratory data and field datasets. Results demonstrate that the proposed method can not only facilitate the attribute recognition of pipes, but also reduce the interpretation ambiguity of the pipe material even in the field site environment. Specifically, if the phase difference of pipe turns out to be even multiples of π, the target can be automatically identified as metallic-category pipes, whereas odd multiples of π, point to non-metallic-category pipes with a lower permittivity than that of the background. This criterion presents promising applicability in subsurface pipeline identification and attributes recognition, especially in constructing a more appropriate initial model of GPR full waveform inversion for survey in pipes.

Citizen Preferences for the Allocation of Federal Tax Dollars: A Segmentation Approach

1982 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Durand ◽  
David L. Klemmack ◽  
Lucinda Lee Roff
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Federal Agencies ◽  
Policy Planning ◽  
Federal Programs ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Public Preferences ◽  
Segmentation Approach ◽  
Citizen Preferences

Much of the research in marketing concerning public policy has focused on the interaction of marketing with federal agencies such as the FTC and the FDA. The purpose of this study was to expand macro-marketing into the broader realm of citizen input into the allocation of tax dollars among federal programs. A segmentation approach was used to identify segments that have similar expenditure priorities and distinguish them on the basis of demographic and social psychological descriptors. Federal government expenditure priorities for ten areas were measured using a constant sum procedure. Four consistent clusters were identified. These results have implications for public policy planning and implementation. Since public preferences for federal expenditures cannot be measured directly in the marketplace, the strategy adopted in this study illustrates a method of providing such inputs.

scholarly journals Know Your Clients' Behaviours: A Cluster Analysis of Financial Transactions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R.J. Thompson ◽  
Longlong Feng ◽  
R. Mark Reesor ◽  
Chuck Grace
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Financial Transactions
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