Treuhand an GmbH-Geschäftsanteilen

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constanze Mühleisen
Keyword(s):  
Limited Liability ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Legal Questions ◽  
The Law ◽  
Fiduciary Relationships

Fiduciary relationships with regard to shares in a German GmbH (limited liability company) are popular in practice, but not yet fully explored. In the underlying cases, one person (the trustee) participates in a GmbH for another (the trustor) on the basis of a trust agreement under the law of obligations. The thesis deals with the diverse legal questions arising out of this arrangement. For example, new argumentative approaches are used to reject the notarial form requirement of a transfer trust (Übertragungstreuhand) and to affirm that of an acquisition trust (Erwerbstreuhand). In addition, it is shown that the "qualified fiduciary relationship" generally recognized for partnerships is also permissible according to the law of the GmbH.

scholarly journals Tanggung Jawab Direksi atas Terjadinya Pailit Perseroan Terbatas

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Antonius Faebuadodo Gea ◽  
Hirsanuddin Hirsanuddin ◽  
Djumardin Djumardin
Keyword(s):  
Limited Liability ◽  
Company Law ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
The Board Of Directors ◽  
Approach Method ◽  
Separate System ◽  
Accountability Mechanism ◽  
The Law ◽  
Legal Consequences

This research was conducted to find out how the directors' accountability mechanism caused by an error or negligence caused the limited company to go bankrupt and how the legal consequences on the bankruptcy of a limited liability company. This type of research was classified as a normative legal research or also called doctrinal research, namely research that examined the law as a separate system that was separate from various other systems in society so as to provide a boundary between the legal system with other systems. The approach method used was the statutory approach; and Conceptual Approach. In principle, the Board of Directors was not personally responsible for acts committed for and on behalf of the company based on its authority. The scope of conduct that would be personally accounted for by the directors of the company was negligence because the directors did not fulfill the contents of the agreement and mistakes because the directors commit acts against the law. Bankruptcy of a Limited Liability Company was the bankruptcy of itself, not the bankruptcy of its management, even though the bankruptcy was due to the negligence of its management. So that management should not be held liable jointly for any losses due to negligence and could only be held accountable if the company's assets were not sufficient to cover losses due to bankruptcy Article 90 paragraph (2) of the Limited Liability Company Law).

scholarly journals Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Pemegang Saham Minoritas Pada Perseroan Terbatas Yang Melakukan Merger

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
I Kadek Sridana ◽  
I Nyoman Putu Budiartha ◽  
I Putu Gede Seputra
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Minority Shareholders ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
The Law ◽  
A Company

Abstract-Mergers can be said as a strategy or one way to increase a company, therefore there is a need for legal protection for minority shareholders if they do not agree with the merger but the merger is still implemented, and the shareholders are forced to accept the merger. The formulation of the problem in this case is (1) what is the position of the minority shareholders for the limited liability company that merges? (2) What is the legal protection of minority shareholders in a limited liability company that merges? This research method uses a normative research method by approaching the problem in the form of a draft law that relates to the problem under study. The sources of legal material to be used are sourced from research, the literature in the form of primary legal material and secondary legal material. The result of this study are the legal position of the minority shareholders of the company (PT) that carried out the merger has been regulated in Law number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies and in Government Regulation Number 27 of 1998 concerning merger, consolidation and takeover of the interests of minority shareholders. In general, the law of limited liability companies is a guideline in the framework of protecting minority shareholders. Protection of minority shares is one of the important things, especially when the company conducts legal actions such as mergers, both preventive legal protection and repressive legal protection. Keywords: Legal protection, shareholders, mergers Abstrak- Merger dapat dikatakan sebagai strategi atau salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan suatu perusahaan oleh karena itu perlu adanya perlindungan hukum terhadap pemegang saham minoritas apabila mereka tidak setuju dengan merger namun merger tetap dilaksanakan, dan pemegang saham tersebut dipaksakan untuk menerima merger tersebut. Adapun rumusan masalah dalam hal ini (1) Bagaimanakah kedudukan pemegang saham minoritas bagi perseroan terbatas yang melakukan merger? (2) Bagaimanakah perlindungan hukum terhadap pemegang saham minoritas pada perseroan terbatas yang melakukan merger? Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian normatif dengan melakukan pendekatan masalah berupa pedekatan perundang-undangan yang berkaitan dengan masalah yang dikaji. Adapun sumber bahan hukum yang akan digunakan yakni bersumber dari penelitian, kepustakaan berupa bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder. Adapun hasil dari penelitian ini adalah kedudukan hukum pemegang saham minoritas terhadap perusahaan (PT) yang melakukan merger, sudah diatur dalam Undang-undang nomor 40 tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan terbatas serta dalam Peraturan pemerintah Nomor 27 Tahun 1998 tentang penggabungan, peleburan, dan pengambilalihan tentang kepentingan pemegang saham minoritas. Secara umum hukum perseroan terbatas menjadi pedoman dalam rangka perlindungan pemegang saham minoritas. Perlindungan terhadap saham minoritas merupakan salah satu hal yang penting terutama saat persroan melakukan perbuatan hukum seperti merger baik perlindungan hukum secara preventif maupun perlindungan hukum secara represif. Kata kunci: Perlindungan hukum, Pemegang saham, Merger

scholarly journals Minority Shareholders’ Legal Protection in a Limited Liability Company System

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 1606-1612
Author(s):  
I Gde Sukarmo ◽  
◽  
Hayyanul Haq ◽  
Zainal Asikin ◽  
Salim HS
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Minority Shareholders ◽  
Shareholder Protection ◽  
The Law ◽  
Legal Concepts ◽  
Laws And Regulations

The purpose of this study is to determine the legal protection model for the majority and minority shareholders in public limited companies. This research method is normative research. To investigate the ineffectiveness of laws and regulations, in particular, Law No. 40 of 2007 on limited liability companies in providing shareholder protection, researchers have studied the laws and regulations and considered the views of experts on legal concepts related to legal protection for shareholders, particularly, minority shareholders. The results showed that the law did not provide maximum legal protection for minority shareholders, creating an imbalance between the rights of the minority and majority shareholders. For this reason, 1) reform or progressive changes in laws and regulations are needed, for instance, in PT Law No. 40 of 2007. These changes should be fundamental to philosophical aspects (values and perspectives) in providing shareholder protection; 2) the review of shareholders’ protection methods should be based on the aspects of fairness

scholarly journals ANALISIS KEKUATAN PERJANJIAN NOMINEE SAHAM DALAM PERSEROAN TERBATAS PENANAMAN MODAL ASING (PT.PMA)

Acta Comitas ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigit Teteki Triwis
Keyword(s):  
Capital Market ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Company Law ◽  
Analytic Approach ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
The Law ◽  
Primary Materials ◽  
The Capital Market

The use of nominee shares through nominee shares agreement has grown and developed well in the investing world, especially within the investors who establish PT. PMA. In short, the concept of nominee shares are done by both localand foreign investors. One of the causes of the nominee shares usageis because there is no rules in the Company Law that regulate, prohibit, and unequivocally ban the nominee shares by making the stock agreement. The law of prohibition to make nominee shares agreement or stock statement can only be found in the Capital Market Law, Article 33 paragraph (1) and paragraph (2). This research is a normative legal research that moves from the void norm within our laws. The approach used in this study is the legislation and analytic approach. The legal materials in this study are taken from the primary materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. The results of this study indicate the cause of the nominee shares usage by making nominee stock agreement, has already stated in the Company Law. However, it only explainsthe requirement that the PT has to be founded by two (2) or more persons, it does not give any detail requirements of how to be the shareholders. Other than to fill the Company Law, by filling the requirement of the PT establishment,the use of nominee agreement is due to the restriction of the line business for PT. PMA. The void of the norm has resulted in the violation within the limited liability company, in which one of the shareholders in PT. PMA is not the actual owner or nominee, but only the registered owner from certain number of shares. The law of prohibition of nominee shares in UUPM is considered inefficient because there is no strict regulations and prohibitions in the Company Law, thus, in practice, the use of nominee shares by making the nominee shares agreementgrows and develops through the simulation or indirect agreement, known as the arrangement agreement.

scholarly journals TINDAKAN ULTRA VIRES DIREKSI DAN AKIBAT HUKUMNYA BAGI PERSEROAN TERBATAS

Yurispruden ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Abdul Rokhim
Keyword(s):  
Board Of Directors ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Legal Action ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Legal Entity ◽  
The Board Of Directors ◽  
The Law

ABSTRACTThe Actions of the Board of Directors are legally qualified as the actions of the Company as a legal entity if carried out by the authority and objectives of the Company as stated in the company's articles of association. The actions of directors that are carried out outside the authority or beyond the authority(ultra vires)cannot be qualified as the actions of the company. As a result, such legal action is not binding on the Company and only binds the Board of Directors personally with third parties. The problems examined are the limits of authority of the Board of Directors according to the UUPT and the doctrine and concept of ultra vires directors. Types of normative juridical research with conceptual approach and statute approach. The actions of the board of directors as long as it is carried out within the limits of the authority granted by the law and the articles of association of PT(intra vires)are legally viewed as the actions of PT as a legal entity. Actions of the Board of Directors that are carried out outside the authority or exceed their authority as stipulated in the laws and articles of association of PT(ultra vires)the Board of Directors must be personally responsible with third parties.Keywords: Ultra Vires Action; Board of Directors; Limited Liability Company ABSTRAKTindakan Direksi secara hukum dikualifikasi sebagai tindakan perseroan selaku badan hukum apabila dilakukan sesuai dengan kewenangan dan tujuan perseroan sebagaimana tercantum dalam anggaran dasar perseroan. Tindakan direksi yang dilakukan di luar kewenangan atau melampaui kewenangan (ultra vires) tidak dapat dikualifikasi sebagai tindakan perseroan. Akibatnya, tindakan hukum tersebut tidak mengikat perseroan dan hanya mengikat Direksi secara pribadi dengan pihak ketiga. Permasalahan yang diteliti yaitu batas-batas kewenangan Direksi menurut UUPT dan doktrin dan konsep ultra vires direksi. Jenis penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan konsep (conceptual approach) dan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan (statute approach). Tindakan direksi sepanjang dilakukan dalam batas-batas kewenangan yang diberikan oleh undang-undang dan anggaran dasar PT (intra vires) secara hukum dipandang sebagai tindakan PT selaku badan hukum. Tindakan Direksi yang dilakukan di luar kewenangan atau melampaui kewenangannya sebagaimana diatur dalam undang-undang dan anggaran dasar PT (ultra vires) Direksi harus bertanggung jawab secara pribadi dengan pihak ketiga.Kata Kunci: Tindakan Ultra Vires; Direksi; Perseroan Terbatas

scholarly journals Mewujudkan Keharmonisan Undang-Undang Perseroan Terbatas dalam Pendirian Perseroan Daerah

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-378
Author(s):  
Teuku Ahmad Yani ◽  
Teuku Muttaqin Mansur
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Company Law ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Liability Law ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
Business Entities

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis asas lex spesialis terkait dengan keharmonis-an Undang-Undang Perseroan Terbatas dalam Pendirian Perseroan Daerah. Perusahaan perseroan daerah merupakan salah satu badan usaha dari sejumlah badan usaha yang dikenal dalam sistem hukum di Indonesia. Ciri khas hukum perusahaan di Indonesia, masing-masing jenis perusahaan diatur dengan undang-undang yang terpisah. BUMD diatur dengan Undang-Undang Pemerintah Daerah, sedangkan perseroan terbatas diatur dengan Undang-Undang Perseroan Terbatas. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuri-dis normatif, dengan mendalami upaya harmonisasi hukum. Hasil penelitian menunjuk-kan bahwa perseroan daerah pada dasarnya juga perseroan terbatas yang dapat dimiliki sepenuh sahamnya oleh satu pemerintah daerah, namun dalam UUPT, tidak diakomodir sebagai perseroan terbatas dengan saham tunggal dapat didirikan oleh satu pemerintah daerah. Namun dalam praktiknya sebagian notaris berupaya melakukan terobosan yang kemudian diakui oleh pemerintah dengan memberikan status badan hukum pada perseroan yang didirikan sepenuhnya oleh satu pemerintah daerah sebagai satunya pendirinya Perseroda. Hal ini, menimbulkan pertanyaan hukum, apakah landasan hukum yang dapat digunakan oleh notaris dan pemerintah untuk menerobos UUPT untuk memenuhi kaedah yang terdapat dalam Undang-Undang Pemda. Bringing the Harmony of the Limited Liability Law in the Establishment of Regional Company The purpose of this study is to analyze the lex specialist principle related to the harmony of the Law on Limited Liability Companies in the establishment of regional companies. Regional company is one of business entities in Indonesia legal system. The characteristic of company law in Indonesia is each type of company regulated by a separate law. BUMD (regional company) is regulated by the regional government law while limited liability company is regulated by UUPT. This study uses a normative juridical method, by exploring efforts to harmonize the law. The results showed that the regional company is basically also a limited liability company that can be fully owned by regional government, but based on the company law, it is not accommodated as a limited liability company because the company has only a single share which is one local government. However, in practice some of notaries tried to make a breakthrough which was later recognized by the government by giving legal status to regional company. This raises the question of what legal basis can be used by notaries and the government to break through the company law so that it meets the methods contained in the regional government law.

scholarly journals Pertanggungjawaban Direksi Perseroan Terbatas Yang Melakukan Perbuatan Melawan Hukum

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
Desak Made Setyarini ◽  
Ni Luh Mahendrawati ◽  
Desak Gde Dwi Arini
Keyword(s):  
Board Of Directors ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Personal Gain ◽  
Corporation Law ◽  
The Board Of Directors ◽  
Public Rights ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Illegal Acts ◽  
The Law

Abstract-Directors in a limited liability company can be likened to a life for the company. The Board of Directors in carrying out their duties in managing a limited liability company has the possibility to carry out acts against the law both civil and criminal in nature. However, acts against the law can be directly carried out by the company through its organs, or vice versa, acts against the law are carried out by employees and the company is responsible. Based on this, the problem is obtained: 1) what forms of unlawful actions by the Board of Directors in managing a limited liability company (Corporation)? 2) What is the responsibility of the Directors who commit illegal acts? This research method uses normative legal research, with literature studies of primary and secondary legal materials. Based on research findings, it is known that: 1) Forms of unlawful acts carried out by directors: using company money/ wealth for personal gain, company information for personal gain, conducting related parties transactions with companies, prohibiting competition with the company 2) Directors' responsibility for illegal acts is regulated in Law No. 40 of 2007 the directors are responsible for managing the company where the management has to be done by each member of the board of directors, in good faith and full of responsibility. From this, it is necessary to optimize the implementation and supervision of the Corporation Law which substantially provides protection to business stakeholder and other public rights. Keyword: Accountability of Directors, Limited Liability Companies, Action against the Law Abstrak-Direksi di dalam perseroan terbatas dapat diumpamakan sebagai nyawa bagi perseroan. Direksi dalam menjalankan tugasnya mengelola perseroan terbatas memiliki kemungkinan untuk melakukan perbuatan melawan hukum baik bersifat perdata maupun pidana. Akan tetapi, perbuatan melawan hukum itu dapat langsung dilakukan oleh perusahaan melalui organ-organnya, atau sebaliknya perbuatan melawan hukum itu dilakukan oleh pegawai dan perusahaan wajib mempertanggungjawabkan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka didapatlah permasalahan yakni 1) Bagaimana bentuk perbuatan melawan hukum yang dilakukan oleh Direksi di dalam mengurus perseroan terbatas? 2) Bagaimana tanggung jawab Direksi Perseroan Terbatas yang melakukan perbuatan melawan hukum? Metode penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif, dengan studi kepustakaan dari bahan hukum primer dan sekunder. Berdasarkan temuan penelitian diketahui bahwa: 1) Bentuk perbuatan melawan hukum yang dilakukan oleh direksi: mempergunakan uang/ kekayaan perseroan untuk kepentingan pribadi, informasi perseroan untuk kepentingan pribadi, melakukan transaksi dengan perseroan, larangan bersaing dengan perseroan 2) Pertanggungjawaban direksi atas perbuatan melawan hukum diatur dalam UU No. 40 Tahun 2007 direksi bertanggung jawab atas pengurusan perseroan dimana pengurusan itu wajib dilaksanakan setiap anggota direksi dengan itikad baik dan penuh tanggung jawab. Dari hal tersebut sebaiknya Perlu optimalisasi pelaksanaan dan pengawasan UUPT yang secara substansial memberikan perlindungan kepada pelaku bisnis dan hak-hak publik lainnya. Kata Kunci: Pertanggungjawaban Direksi, Perseroan Terbatas, Melawan Hukum

scholarly journals The Novelties of the Law of Ukraine “On Limited Liability and Additional Liability Companies”

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 91-96
Author(s):  
R. S. Lukashov
Keyword(s):  
Limited Liability ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Related Party Transactions ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Combine Material ◽  
The Law ◽  
Corporate Legislation

One of the most common types of legal entities are companies, in particular, Limited Liability Companies, that allow to combine material and other resources of several participants and at the same time reduce the risk of entrepreneurial activity for each of them. The article deals with the issue of the novelties in the legal regulation of the creation and activity of limited liability companies after the Law of Ukraine "On Limited Liability and Additional Liability Companies" act came into force. The adoption of this legislative act provides necessitates the analysis at the doctrinal level of a number of its rules, which regulate the activity of LLC in a new way. It is noted that for a long time the legal regulation of the activity of this type of companies remained limited and outdated, which led to the emergence of corporate conflicts. It is concluded that the process of streamlining corporate legislation is steadily ongoing, and the contradictions in the legislative regulation of corporate relations are gradually being eliminated. Regarding the novelties of regulation of the activity of limited liability companies, the author emphasizes the following positive aspects of the Law of Ukraine “On Limited Liability and Additional Liability Companies”: the number of participants in the LLC was lifted; the concept of "corporate agreement" is fixed; the only reason for the establishment of the LLC is the decision of its founders; minimize the list of information that must be displayed in the charter of LLC; included in the Law of the provisions of Chapter V “Substantial and Interest-Related party transactions”; a special chapter was introduced, which regulates the issues of creation and termination of the LLC (Chapter VI “Separation and Termination of the Company”); provides for the appearance of a local act on the regulation of corporate relations in the LLC - the agreement on the termination of the company; the procedure for setting up one or more new partnerships by transferring to it (them) a part of the assets, liabilities and liabilities of an existing limited liability company is regulated in detail.

Politics of Legal in Nominee Agreement And Its Practice In Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
SUPARJI SUPARJI
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Code Of Ethics ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Community Needs ◽  
The Law ◽  
A Company

This study aims to examine the legal politics of nominee agreement in Indonesia. The research method used is normative juridical, which conceptualizes the law as what is written in the legislation or the law as a rule or norm that is a benchmark of human behavior that is considered appropriate. This type of legal research is carried out by examining secondary data in the field of law as library data using deductive thinking methods. The results stated that there are no specific rules that override or provide other possibilities related to the issue of absolute ownership of shares by shareholders registered in the register of shareholders of a limited liability company. The unauthorized nominee of agreement in Indonesia is prohibited. The prohibition on nominee agreement is clearly stated in Law No. 25 of 2007 concerning investment. In fact, nominee agreement has grown and developed in the community, due to community needs. Establishment of nominee agreements in practice can be categorized into the formation of direct nominee agreements, namely by directly making agreements between those who affirm that ownership of shares in a company is limited to and on behalf of others. Thus, the legal profession such as notary, legal consultant and lawyer in this case must provide legal counseling, and participate in supervisory duties. As a profession, it should keep the professional code of ethics instead of making unauthorized nominee by making a nominee agreement.  

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