Grenzen der Wissenszurechnung

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Liese
Keyword(s):  
Group Structure ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Current Level ◽  
Unanimous Opinion ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Level Group

The concept of the German Civil Code (BGB) understands the entitled person as carrier of the relevant information. Thus, according to Sec. 119 ff. BGB, a rescission is possible when the entitled person has gained knowledge of the reason for rescission, and a termination is made when the authorized person has become aware of the ground for termination, Sec. 626 para. 2 s. 2 BGB. But which rules should apply if the entitled person and the information diverge–for example in a multi-level group structure or cases of outsourcing? Jurisdiction and literature have not formed a unanimous opinion so far. The study analyses the current level and abstracts conditions under which the imputation of knowledge in these practical constellations is possible.

Organizational Performance Research in India

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-93
Author(s):  
Shailendra Singh ◽  
Vishal Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Process Framework ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Performance Research ◽  
Working Hypotheses ◽  
Level Group

This chapter presents a review of research in the area of organizational performance in India during the last decade, which has become a challenge for organizations and management researchers. The chapter begins with a critical analysis of the nature of performance measurement and associated challenges. Next, it summarizes the research that has linked individual-level, group-level, and organization-level variables to organizational performance. The theoretical and conceptual contributions, limitations, gaps, and the scope of future research in the field are presented by the contributors. Finally, a multi-level model has been presented that provides a process framework, which links antecedent variables to organizational performance. The framework provides a set of working hypotheses for future organizational performance research in the Indian context.

scholarly journals Young children remember specific transitions but not general groups from structured input

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tess Forest ◽  
Zahra Abolghasem ◽  
Amy Finn ◽  
Margaret Schlichting
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Group Structure ◽  
Associative Memories ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Group Memory ◽  
Structured Input ◽  
Continuous Stream ◽  
Specific Shape ◽  
Fixed Order ◽  
Level Group

As early as infancy, humans extract patterns from structured input, and demonstrate the ability to distinguish between reliably experienced patterns and new ones. However, the nature of memories that support these behaviors—and how their structure might change across childhood—remains unknown. Here, we ask what children and adults remember after exposure to a continuous stream of shapes: the particular sequence in which the shapes occurred, their higher-level group structure, or both? We showed 5- to 9-year-olds and adults (N=211) a stream of shapes comprising three triplets (groups of three shapes) that always occurred in a fixed order, followed by an old-new memory test including lure sequences that matched the exposure stream on a particular dimension (e.g., group structure). Given the early emergence of simple associative memories that increase in complexity over development, we predicted that the youngest children in our sample would remember specific shape-shape sequences, while older children and adults would additionally represent groups. After accounting for developmental improvements in overall memory, we found all ages were sensitive to specific transitions: Participants responded “old” to lures with intact shape-shape transitions at above-baseline levels. In contrast, order-independent group memory—as measured by “old” responses to shuffled triplets—was only observed in older children and adults. Our results show that while young children form memories for specific aspects of a structured experience, memory for commonalities across events is refined later—underscoring that even after identical experiences, adults and young children form different memories for those events.

The Effects of Multi-Level Group Identification on Intergroup Helping Behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Brown ◽  
Geoffrey B. Sprinkle ◽  
Dan Way
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Group Identification ◽  
Helping Behavior ◽  
Organizational Hierarchy ◽  
Group Boundaries ◽  
Compensation Systems ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
And Control ◽  
Level Group

We conduct an experiment to examine the effects of multi-level group identification on intergroup helping behavior. We predict and find that stronger identification with a sub-group and a superordinate group – separately and interactively – increase helping behavior. We provide evidence that the relationships between stronger identification and helping behavior operate in part through increased salience of superordinate group boundaries, perceived potential benefits to one’s own group of intergroup helping, and positive affect. Collectively, our findings illustrate the importance of understanding how individuals identify with the different groups naturally present in organizations, and highlight how identification can be used as an informal control to motivate important organizational behaviors. Such an understanding can help firms determine the best organizational hierarchy, develop communication and control strategies to build identification at appropriate levels, and establish evaluation and compensation systems that measure and reward outcomes in a manner that accounts for these group effects.

Do employees share knowledge when encountering abusive supervision?

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Li Wu ◽  
Yi-Chih Lee
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Psychological Capital ◽  
Abusive Supervision ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Destructive Leadership ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Group Trust ◽  
Level Group

Purpose – Despite the prevalence of destructive leadership in today’s workplace, the authors know little about its influence on knowledge sharing among employees. Using the conservation of resources (COR) theory, the authors examine how abusive supervision influences psychological capital and affects knowledge sharing. Further, the authors take a context variable (group trust) to explore its cross-level influence on the above causal relationship. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This study conducts multi-level analyses of knowledge sharing. Abusive supervision and psychological capital are the determinants of knowledge sharing at the individual level. Group trust is considered a group-level variable with cross-level influences. The final sample for an empirical test conducted using hierarchical linear modeling includes 449 group members of 55 working groups. Findings – Empirical results show that abusive supervision is negatively related to knowledge sharing. The results also indicate that psychological capital mediates the relationship between abusive supervision and knowledge sharing. At the group level, group trust has a direct cross-level impact on employees’ knowledge sharing and mitigates the relationship between abusive supervision and psychological capital. Originality/value – Applying the COR theory, this is the first research to discuss how destructive leadership (i.e. abusive supervision) influences knowledge sharing. Based on the multi-level perspective, the authors also examine how group trust can have a cross-level impact on knowledge sharing and the relationship between abusive supervision and psychological capital.

Knee and Hip TEP Surgery: The Surgeonsʼ Obligation to Give Information

2018 ◽  
Vol 157 (04) ◽  
pp. 386-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Thielmann ◽  
Artem Tuzhikov
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Medical School ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Physical Integrity ◽  
Correct Procedure

AbstractThe German Civil Code (BGB) establishes in § 630e BGB formal and content-related requirements to provide the patient with a solid fundament of information. This is necessary for a valid informed consent. Without it, the physician is liable for the violation of the patientsʼ physical integrity and his right to self-determination. According to German jurisprudence, this shall even apply when the treatment was conducted duly and without any complications. Therefore, it is astonishing that the correct way of giving information is neither taught in medical school nor in the residency. In practice, supervisors expect that young assistant doctors will be familiar with the correct procedure. As a result, many mistakes are made, even though these are easy to avoid. In this article, we point out all relevant information and the correct way of presenting this, using the example of hip/knee TEP operations.

scholarly journals Smart Relocation System

2021 ◽  
Vol 2066 (1) ◽  
pp. 012061
Author(s):  
Junyou Ye ◽  
Xiangxiang Dong ◽  
Ju Yang ◽  
Xiaomeng Xu ◽  
Yuntian Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Intelligent System ◽  
Current Level ◽  
Item Information ◽  
The Internet ◽  
User Privacy ◽  
Handling System ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Packing Efficiency ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Abstract With the increase of social mobility, the relocation of work and living places has become the norm in people’s daily life. However, the current level of informatization in the handling industry is generally low. If users want to know the progress of the porter age, they can only go to the site in person; after the porter age is completed, if they want to find the items, they need to search through the piles of boxes. It is even impossible to know the detailed location of the items. So there is an urgent need for an intelligent system that can comprehensively control the entire handling process from inventory, porter age to item positioning. The intelligent handling system designed in this paper uses the Internet of Things, network communication, artificial intelligence, cloud computing and other technologies, which can sensitively capture the packed items to improve the packing efficiency, quickly and accurately identify the name of the item to facilitate searching, and establish multi-level tags to store item information and achieve fuzzy matching, and encryption at each stage to ensure user privacy.

scholarly journals Translation of Physiological Understanding (PhUn) Week Activities to a Larger Multi‐ Level Group of Students in a Scientific Environment Following Hurricane Maria

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine D. Rodriguez‐Flores ◽  
Myrella Cruz ◽  
Agnes P. Gonzalez‐Charles ◽  
Samuel Brofen‐Quiñones ◽  
Raquel Rivera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multi Level ◽  
Scientific Environment ◽  
Level Group
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