The Internal Consistency of PTIAs: Overlapping Trade and Investment Obligations and Dispute Resolution Mechanisms

2013 ◽  
pp. 157-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Albites-Bedoya
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Trade And Investment

scholarly journals Prosedur dan Efektifitas Mekanisme Penyelesaian Sengketa Perdagangan dan Investasi Dalam ASEAN

2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fariz Mauldiansyah
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Dispute Settlement Mechanism ◽  
Trade Regime ◽  
Resolution System ◽  
Investment Agreement ◽  
Dispute Resolution Mechanism ◽  
Dispute System ◽  
Trade And Investment

Trade and investment play an important role in the practice of relations between countries in the prospective economic cooperation efforts to increase the economic growth of each country. In this regard, ASEAN also has legal instruments that regulate transactions and investments among other countries. In the trade regime, ASEAN has several agreements such as the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement, ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement, ASEAN Trade in Services Agreement, ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services, and so on. Meanwhile in the investment regime, ASEAN has the ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Agreement. One of the important components in a Regional Trade Agreement is the clause of a legally binding dispute settlement mechanism. In the trade regime, the system and mechanism of the dispute resolution procedures are separated from other trade agreements, the ASEAN Protocol on the Enhanced Dispute Resolution Mechanism. Meanwhile in the Investment regime, the system and mechanism of the dispute resolution procedure are regulated in the same agreement in the ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Agreement. This article will describe the procedural mechanism for the dispute resolution framework of the trade and investment regime in ASEAN, as well as focus on each dispute resolution system with the preferences of each participating country, with differences in the use of the dispute system in the WTO. 

Constitutionalism and Internationalism

2019 ◽  
pp. 372-391
Author(s):  
Paul B. Stephan
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Regulatory Cooperation ◽  
International Dispute ◽  
Governing Law ◽  
Domestic Law ◽  
Trade And Investment

This chapter describes and analyzes the law governing U.S. practice with respect to joining and working in international institutions. It explores the domestic and international politics that shape these actions through the framework of a two-level game. The chapter applies this framework to multilateral military operations, international regulatory cooperation, trade and investment, and international dispute resolution. U.S. foreign relations law allows the executive branch considerable flexibility as to joining an international cooperation project, but also imposes barriers to the implementation of decisions of international institutions within domestic law. Litigants who seek to invoke the actions of international institutions as the basis for governing law in domestic lawsuits typically must link those actions to a domestic enactment, certain narrow exceptions aside.

scholarly journals PENGUATAN KERANGKA HUKUM ASEAN UNTUK MEWUJUDKAN MASYARAKAT EKONOMI ASEAN 2015

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Subianta Mandala
Keyword(s):  
Member State ◽  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Asean Economic Community ◽  
Trade And Investment

<p>Negara negara anggota ASEAN pada umumnya kurang menyukai pendekatan yang terlalu legalistik dalam hubungan diantara mereka, dan cenderung memilih pendekatan “ASEAN Way” yaitu melalui konsensus atau musyawarah untuk mufakat. Namun demikian, menjelang terbentuknya Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN pada tahunn 2015, ASEAN perlu mengembangkan model pendekatan yang berlandaskan aturan hukum ( rules-based ). Pendekatan hukum tersebut diharapkan dapat digunakan tidak saja dalam kerangka merumuskan kesepakatan-kesepakatan yang dibuat oleh ASEAN yang umumnya dibuat dalam perjanjian atau persetujuan ASEAN, namun juga untuk menyelesaikan sengketa-sengketa yang timbul diantara anggota negara negara ASEAN dalam mengimplementasikan kewajiban-kewajiban yang lahir dari kesepakatan atau perjanjian yang dibuat diantara mereka. ASEAN secara bertahap mulai mengembangkan kerangka hukum dalam melakukan kerjasama ekonomi yang berlangsung diantara anggota negara-negara ASEAN. Tulisan ini mencoba mengkaji lebih dalam langkah-langkah yang telah diambil oleh ASEAN dalam upaya mereka mempererat kerjasama ekonominya, dan kajian tersebut dilakukan dalam perspektif pengembangan kerangka hukum sebagai landasan bagi kerjasama ekonomi di ASEAN. Mengingat bahwa kerangka hukum yang dimasudkan disini bukan saja menyangkut pembentukan substansi hukum, tetapi juga meliputi penyelesaian sengketa, tulisan ini juga membahas mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa yang tersedia di internal ASEAN.</p><p>The members of ASEAN have been reluctant to be too “legalistic” in their relations with each other, preferring to conduct their relationships in “ASEAN Way” or by consensus. Given that ASEAN would become the ASEAN Economic Community in 2015, it is very important that appropriate legal-based mechanism should be developed to establish laws and resolve disputes relating to trade and investment in the region. ASEAN have been moving slowly towards developing legal framework for economic cooperation among the member state of ASEAN. This paper examines the various steps which have been taken towards economic cooperation in the region and, examines them in the context of the evolving legal framework for economic cooperation in ASEAN. As dispute will inevitably arise in any relationship, one of the elements of any any legal system is to provide a means for settling these disputes. This paper, therefore, also examines the various mechanisms for dispute resolution available in intra-ASEAN.</p>

Overestimation of Internal Consistency by K-R 20 in Tests Containing Interpretive Exercises

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-221
Author(s):  
Gerald S. Hanna ◽  
Henry H. Scherich ◽  
Edward C. Drahozal
Keyword(s):  
Internal Consistency

The Stigma of Suicide Scale

Crisis ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Batterham ◽  
Alison L. Calear ◽  
Helen Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Concurrent Validity ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
National University ◽  
Stigmatizing Attitudes ◽  
High Internal Consistency ◽  
At Home

Background: There are presently no validated scales to adequately measure the stigma of suicide in the community. The Stigma of Suicide Scale (SOSS) is a new scale containing 58 descriptors of a “typical” person who completes suicide. Aims: To validate the SOSS as a tool for assessing stigma toward suicide, to examine the scale’s factor structure, and to assess correlates of stigmatizing attitudes. Method: In March 2010, 676 staff and students at the Australian National University completed the scale in an online survey. The construct validity of the SOSS was assessed by comparing its factors with factors extracted from the Suicide Opinion Questionnaire (SOQ). Results: Three factors were identified: stigma, isolation/depression, and glorification/normalization. Each factor had high internal consistency and strong concurrent validity with the Suicide Opinion Questionnaire. More than 25% of respondents agreed that people who suicided were “weak,” “reckless,” or “selfish.” Respondents who were female, who had a psychology degree, or who spoke only English at home were less stigmatizing. A 16-item version of the scale also demonstrated robust psychometric properties. Conclusions: The SOSS is the first attitudes scale designed to directly measure the stigma of suicide in the community. Results suggest that psychoeducation may successfully reduce stigma.

Assessing General Ecological Behavior

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian G. Kaiser ◽  
Anders Biel
Keyword(s):  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Situational Influences ◽  
Behavior Difficulties ◽  
Differential Behavior ◽  
Ecological Behavior ◽  
Political Actions ◽  
Measurement Approach

Summary: The General Ecological Behavior (GEB) scale was developed for cross-cultural applications ( Kaiser & Wilson, in press ). The present study compares ecological behavior in Sweden and Switzerland. Questionnaire data from 247 Swedish and 445 Swiss participants are presented. Reliability and internal consistency analyses revealed that the GEB scale was applicable to both the Swedish and Swiss samples. In general, Swiss behave more ecologically than Swedes. Nevertheless, several ecological behaviors turned out to be easier to conduct in Sweden than in Switzerland and vice versa. The GEB scale takes differential behavior difficulties into account that are most likely caused by situational influences. At the same time, the proposed behavior measurement approach guides the search for potentially useful political actions that make it easier for people to behave ecologically in some societies and, thus, can be adopted by others.

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