scholarly journals Molecular Alterations and Expression Dynamics in the Etiopathogenesis of Thyroid Cancer

10.5772/63740 ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Mudassar ◽  
Mosin S. Khan ◽  
Shariq R. Masoodi ◽  
Khursheed A. Wani ◽  
Mahboob Ul Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Molecular Alterations

Molecular Diagnostics of Thyroid Tumors

2011 ◽  
Vol 135 (5) ◽  
pp. 569-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri E. Nikiforov
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Fine Needle Aspiration ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Braf V600e ◽  
Fine Needle ◽  
Molecular Alterations ◽  
Diagnostic Use

Abstract Context.—Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine malignancy and its incidence is steadily increasing. Papillary carcinoma and follicular carcinoma are the most common types of thyroid cancer and represent those tumor types for which use of molecular markers for diagnosis and prognostication is of high clinical significance. Objective.—To review the most common molecular alterations in thyroid cancer and their diagnostic and prognostic utility. Data Sources.—PubMed (US National Library of Medicine)–available review articles, peer-reviewed original articles, and experience of the author. Conclusions.—The most common molecular alterations in thyroid cancer include BRAF and RAS point mutations and RET/PTC and PAX8/PPARγ rearrangements. These nonoverlapping genetic alterations are found in more than 70% of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas. These molecular alterations can be detected in surgically resected samples and fine-needle aspiration samples from thyroid nodules and can be of significant diagnostic use. The diagnostic role of BRAF mutations has been studied most extensively, and recent studies also demonstrated a significant diagnostic utility of RAS, RET/PTC, and PAX8/PPARγ mutations, particularly in thyroid fine-needle aspiration samples with indeterminate cytology. In addition to the diagnostic use, BRAF V600E mutation can also be used for tumor prognostication, as this mutation is associated with higher rate of tumor recurrence and tumor-related mortality. The use of these and other emerging molecular markers is expected to improve significantly the accuracy of cancer diagnosis in thyroid nodules and allow more individualized surgical and postsurgical management of patients with thyroid cancer.

Detection of Molecular Alterations in Taiwanese Patients with Medullary Thyroid Cancer Using Whole-Exome Sequencing

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Sian Chang ◽  
Chun-Chi Chang ◽  
Hsi-Yuan Huang ◽  
Chien-Yu Lin ◽  
Kun-Tu Yeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Exome Sequencing ◽  
Whole Exome Sequencing ◽  
Medullary Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Medullary Thyroid ◽  
Molecular Alterations ◽  
Whole Exome

scholarly journals Thyroid Cancer in the Pediatric Population

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera A. Paulson ◽  
Erin R. Rudzinski ◽  
Douglas S. Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Medullary Carcinoma ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Thyroid Tumors ◽  
Molecular Alterations ◽  
Stage Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Recommendations ◽  
Pediatric Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid cancer is rare in the pediatric population, but thyroid carcinomas occurring in children carry a unique set of clinical, pathologic, and molecular characteristics. In comparison to adults, children more often present with aggressive, advanced stage disease. This is at least in part due to the underlying biologic and molecular differences between pediatric and adult thyroid cancer. Specifically, papillary thyroid carcinoma (which accounts for approximately 90% of pediatric thyroid cancer) has a high rate of gene fusions which influence the histologic subtypes encountered in pediatric thyroid tumors, are associated with more extensive extrathyroidal disease, and offer unique options for targeted medical therapies. Differences are also seen in pediatric follicular thyroid cancer, although there are few studies of non-papillary pediatric thyroid tumors published in the literature due to their rarity, and in medullary carcinoma, which is most frequently diagnosed in the pediatric population in the setting of prophylactic thyroidectomies for known multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes. The overall shift in the spectrum of histotypes and underlying molecular alterations common in pediatric thyroid cancer is important to recognize as it may directly influence diagnostic test selection and therapeutic recommendations.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Molecular Diagnosis of Thyroid Cancer

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Legakis ◽  
Konstantinos Syrigos
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Aberrant Methylation ◽  
Novel Treatments ◽  
Molecular Alterations ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Diagnosis Of Thyroid Cancer

Recent molecular studies have described a number of abnormalities associated with the progression and dedifferentiation of thyroid carcinoma. These distinct molecular events are often associated with specific stages of tumor development. In particular, remarkable advances have occurred in several major biological areas of thyroid cancer, including the molecular alterations for the loss of radioiodine avidity of thyroid cancer, the pathogenic role of the MAP kinase and PI3K/Akt pathways and their related genetic alterations, and the aberrant methylation of functionally important genes in thyroid tumorigenesis and pathogenesis. Recognition of these features is crucial to the management of patients with thyroid cancer. Novel treatments are being designed based on our enhanced understanding of this disease process.

scholarly journals Impact of molecular alterations of BRAF in the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer

Mutagenesis ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Khan ◽  
A. A. Pandith ◽  
N. Azad ◽  
M. u. Hussain ◽  
S. R. Masoodi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Molecular Alterations

scholarly journals Molecular Genetics of Follicular-Derived Thyroid Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1139
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Macerola ◽  
Anello Marcello Poma ◽  
Paola Vignali ◽  
Alessio Basolo ◽  
Clara Ugolini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Standard Treatment ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Molecular Testing ◽  
Prognostic Role ◽  
Molecular Alterations ◽  
Genetic Landscape ◽  
Definition Of

Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine-related malignancy, whose incidence rates have increased dramatically in the last few decades. Neoplasms of follicular origin generally have excellent prognosis, with the exception of less differentiated tumors. Follicular-derived thyroid cancer can manifest as a variety of morphologically distinct entities, characterized by various degrees of differentiation and invasiveness. Histological evaluation is thus crucial for the definition of patients’ prognosis. However, within each histological subtype, tumor behavior can be highly variable, and, in this respect, molecular characterization can provide insightful information to refine the risk stratification of tumors. In addition to the importance of its prognostic role, molecular testing can be used to support the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules in the absence of marked cyto-morphological aberrations. Finally, with the advent of targeted drugs, the presence of molecular alterations will guide the therapeutic strategies for patients with advanced tumors who do not respond to standard treatment. This review aims to describe the genetic landscape of follicular-derived thyroid tumors also highlighting differences across histological subtypes.

scholarly journals Multi-omics Signatures and Translational Potential to Improve Thyroid Cancer Patient Outcome

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myriem Boufraqech ◽  
Naris Nilubol
Keyword(s):  
Patient Outcome ◽  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Molecular Profiling ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Thyroid Tumors ◽  
Thyroid Cancer Patient ◽  
Omics Technologies ◽  
Molecular Alterations ◽  
Cancer Initiation ◽  
Improve Patient

Recent advances in high-throughput molecular and multi-omics technologies have improved our understanding of the molecular changes associated with thyroid cancer initiation and progression. The translation into clinical use based on molecular profiling of thyroid tumors has allowed a significant improvement in patient risk stratification and in the identification of targeted therapies, and thereby better personalized disease management and outcome. This review compiles the following: (1) the major molecular alterations of the genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome found in all subtypes of thyroid cancer, thus demonstrating the complexity of these tumors and (2) the great translational potential of multi-omics studies to improve patient outcome.

How molecular pathology is changing and will change the therapeutics of patients with follicular cell-derived thyroid cancer: Table 1

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 414-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Pinto Couto ◽  
H Prazeres ◽  
P Castro ◽  
J Lima ◽  
V Máximo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Molecular Pathology ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Follicular Cell ◽  
Braf Mutations ◽  
Thyroid Carcinomas ◽  
Ras Mutations ◽  
Molecular Alterations ◽  
Dna Deletions ◽  
Well Differentiated

Well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas comprise two well-defined histological types: papillary and follicular (PTCs and FTCs, respectively). Despite being derived from the same cell (thyroid follicular cell), these two types of tumour accumulate distinct genetic abnormalities during progression. The molecular pathology of thyroid cancer is now better understood because of our ability to identify RET/PTC rearrangements and BRAF mutations in the aetiopathogenesis of the large majority of PTCs and the high prevalence of RAS mutations and PAX8/PPARγ rearrangements in follicular patterned carcinomas (FTCs and follicular variant of PTCs). This review summarises most of the molecular alterations currently used as targets for new biological treatments and looks at some of the changes that are already occurring or may occur in the treatment of patients with thyroid cancer. For simplicity, the review is divided up according to the major genetic alterations identified in well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas (RET/PTC rearrangements, BRAF mutations, RAS mutations and mitochondrial DNA deletions and mutations) and their respective treatments.

scholarly journals Molecular Alterations in Thyroid Cancer: From Bench to Clinical Practice

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Tirrò ◽  
Federica Martorana ◽  
Chiara Romano ◽  
Silvia Rita Vitale ◽  
Gianmarco Motta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Kinase Inhibitors ◽  
Tumor Biology ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Disease Evolution ◽  
Molecular Alterations ◽  
Genomic Landscape ◽  
Thyroid Malignancies

Thyroid cancer comprises different clinical and histological entities. Whereas differentiated (DTCs) malignancies are sensitive to radioiodine therapy, anaplastic (ATCs) and medullary (MTCs) tumors do not uptake radioactive iodine and display aggressive features associated with a poor prognosis. Moreover, in a majority of DTCs, disease evolution leads to the progressive loss of iodine sensitivity. Hence, iodine-refractory DTCs, along with ATCs and MTCs, require alternative treatments reflective of their different tumor biology. In the last decade, the molecular mechanisms promoting thyroid cancer development and progression have been extensively studied. This has led to a better understanding of the genomic landscape, displayed by thyroid malignancies, and to the identification of novel therapeutic targets. Indeed, several pharmacological compounds have been developed for iodine-refractory tumors, with four multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitors already available for DTCs (sorafenib and lenvatinib) and MTCs (cabozantib and vandetanib), and a plethora of drugs currently being evaluated in clinical trials. In this review, we will describe the genomic alterations and biological processes intertwined with thyroid cancer development, also providing a thorough overview of targeted drugs already tested or under investigation for these tumors. Furthermore, given the existing preclinical evidence, we will briefly discuss the potential role of immunotherapy as an additional therapeutic strategy for the treatment of thyroid cancer.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document