scholarly journals Thyroid Cancer in the Pediatric Population

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera A. Paulson ◽  
Erin R. Rudzinski ◽  
Douglas S. Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Medullary Carcinoma ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Thyroid Tumors ◽  
Molecular Alterations ◽  
Stage Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Recommendations ◽  
Pediatric Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid cancer is rare in the pediatric population, but thyroid carcinomas occurring in children carry a unique set of clinical, pathologic, and molecular characteristics. In comparison to adults, children more often present with aggressive, advanced stage disease. This is at least in part due to the underlying biologic and molecular differences between pediatric and adult thyroid cancer. Specifically, papillary thyroid carcinoma (which accounts for approximately 90% of pediatric thyroid cancer) has a high rate of gene fusions which influence the histologic subtypes encountered in pediatric thyroid tumors, are associated with more extensive extrathyroidal disease, and offer unique options for targeted medical therapies. Differences are also seen in pediatric follicular thyroid cancer, although there are few studies of non-papillary pediatric thyroid tumors published in the literature due to their rarity, and in medullary carcinoma, which is most frequently diagnosed in the pediatric population in the setting of prophylactic thyroidectomies for known multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes. The overall shift in the spectrum of histotypes and underlying molecular alterations common in pediatric thyroid cancer is important to recognize as it may directly influence diagnostic test selection and therapeutic recommendations.

Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid

2000 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory W. Randolph ◽  
Dipti Maniar
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Clinical Management ◽  
Medullary Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Medullary Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Tumor ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Nodal Involvement ◽  
Medullary Thyroid ◽  
C Cell ◽  
Sporadic Tumors

Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a distinct C-cell tumor of the thyroid. We review the oncogenesis and management of both sporadic tumors and those tumors arising as part of specific inherited syndromes. The RET proto-oncogene plays a role in the development of inherited forms of MTC and has become important in the clinical management of patients and their families. The recognition of the high rate of regional nodal involvement has led to lymphadenectomy being strongly considered for patients undergoing thyroidectomy for MTC.

ret/PTC1 and ret/PTC3 in thyroid tumors from Chernobyl liquidators: comparison with sporadic tumors from Ukrainian and French patients

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Di Cristofaro ◽  
V Vasko ◽  
V Savchenko ◽  
S Cherenko ◽  
A Larin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Genetic Susceptibility ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Thyroid Tumors ◽  
Chernobyl Fallout ◽  
Low Level ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Sporadic Tumors

Like children exposed to Chernobyl fallout, the workers who cleaned up after the accident, also known as liquidators, have exhibited an increased incidence of thyroid cancer. A high prevalence of ret/PTC3 rearrangement has been found in pediatric post-Chernobyl thyroid tumors, but this feature has not been investigated in liquidator thyroid tumors. In this study we analyzed the prevalence of ret/PTC1 and ret/PTC3 in thyroid tumors from 21 liquidators, 31 nonirradiated adult Ukrainian patients, and 34 nonirradiated adult French patients. ret rearrangements in carcinomas were found in 83.3% of liquidators, 64.7% of Ukrainian patients, and 42.9% of French patients. The prevalence of ret/PTC1 was statistically similar in the three groups. The prevalence of ret/PTC3 was significantly higher in liquidators than in French patients (P = 0.03) but it was also high in nonirradiated Ukrainian patients who exhibited values intermediate between liquidators and French patients. In adenomas the prevalence of rearrangement was significantly higher in all Ukrainians than in French patients (P = 0.004). Like children exposed to Chernobyl fallout, liquidators showed a high prevalence of ret/PTC3. This finding suggests that irradiation had the same effect regardless of age. However, given the high rate of ret/PTC3 in nonirradiated adult Ukrainians, the possibility of genetic susceptibility or low-level exposure to radiation in that group cannot be excluded.

scholarly journals Pediatric Thyroid Cancer in Europe: An Overdiagnosed Condition? A Literature Review

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreea-Ioana Stefan ◽  
Andra Piciu ◽  
Alexandru Mester ◽  
Dragos Apostu ◽  
Marius Badan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Therapeutic Guidelines ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Histopathological Type ◽  
Pediatric Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid neoplastic pathology is the most common form of cancer associated with radiation exposure. The most common histopathological type of thyroid carcinoma is the differentiated thyroid cancer (these include papillary and follicular type), which represents over 90% of all cases, especially affecting girls rather than boys. Although patients are diagnosed in advanced stages as compared to adults, the prognosis of the disease is very good, with a 30-year survival rate of over 95% but post-therapeutic morbidity remains quite high. The treatment is based in particular on the therapeutic guidelines for adults, but as children have some histopathological and genetic characteristics of thyroid cancer, as well as different initial clinical presentations, we decided to review the literature on this pathology among the pediatric population, focusing on cases in Europe. The major interest is the impact of the Chernobyl accident.

scholarly journals Pediatric Thyroid Cancer: To Whom Do You Send the Referral?

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 4416
Author(s):  
Allison Keane ◽  
Darrin V. Bann ◽  
Meghan N. Wilson ◽  
David Goldenberg
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Complication Rates ◽  
Comprehensive Literature Review ◽  
Lower Complication ◽  
General Surgeons ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Pediatric Thyroid Cancer

Pediatric thyroid cancer is rare, but increasing in annual incidence. Differentiated thyroid cancer in pediatric patients is treated surgically. Pediatric thyroidectomies are performed by general surgeons, otolaryngologists, general pediatric surgeons, and pediatric otolaryngologists. In a comprehensive literature review, we discuss the evidence supporting the importance of surgeon subspecialty and surgeon volume on outcomes for pediatric thyroid cancer patients. Pediatric general surgeons and pediatric otolaryngologists perform most pediatric thyroidectomies. Certain subpopulations specifically benefit from a combined approach of a pediatric surgeon and a high-volume thyroid surgeon. The correlation between high-volume surgeons and lower complication rates in adult thyroid surgery applies to the pediatric population; however, the definition of high-volume for pediatric thyroidectomies requires further investigation. The development of dedicated pediatric thyroid malignancy centers and multidisciplinary or dual-surgeon approaches are advantageous.

scholarly journals Multi-omics Signatures and Translational Potential to Improve Thyroid Cancer Patient Outcome

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myriem Boufraqech ◽  
Naris Nilubol
Keyword(s):  
Patient Outcome ◽  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Molecular Profiling ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Thyroid Tumors ◽  
Thyroid Cancer Patient ◽  
Omics Technologies ◽  
Molecular Alterations ◽  
Cancer Initiation ◽  
Improve Patient

Recent advances in high-throughput molecular and multi-omics technologies have improved our understanding of the molecular changes associated with thyroid cancer initiation and progression. The translation into clinical use based on molecular profiling of thyroid tumors has allowed a significant improvement in patient risk stratification and in the identification of targeted therapies, and thereby better personalized disease management and outcome. This review compiles the following: (1) the major molecular alterations of the genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome found in all subtypes of thyroid cancer, thus demonstrating the complexity of these tumors and (2) the great translational potential of multi-omics studies to improve patient outcome.

scholarly journals Laryngeal Neural Monitoring during Pediatric Thyroid Cancer Surgery—Is Transcartilage Recording a Preferable Method?

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 4051
Author(s):  
Tzu-Yen Huang ◽  
Hoon-Yub Kim ◽  
Gianlorenzo Dionigi ◽  
I-Cheng Lu ◽  
Pi-Ying Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Cancer Surgery ◽  
Signal Quality ◽  
Signal Stability ◽  
Emg Amplitude ◽  
Single Center Study ◽  
Neural Monitoring ◽  
Pediatric Thyroid Cancer

The use of transcartilage (TC) intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) in a pediatric population has not been reported. This study evaluated the feasibility and the benefit of using TC-IONM for thyroid cancer surgery in a pediatric population. This retrospective single-center study enrolled 33 pediatric patients who had received an IONM-assisted thyroidectomy. Demographic characteristics, standardized IONM laryngeal examinations and stimulation information (L1-V1-R1-R2-V2-L2) were compared between endotracheal tube (ET) and TC methods. In the 15 cancer patients (30 nerves), TC-IONM provided significant higher electromyography (EMG) amplitude (p < 0.001), signal stability (lower V1/V2 signal correlation, r = 0.955 vs. r = 0.484, p = 0.004), signal quality (higher ratio of V1 or V2 amplitude <500µV, 0.0% vs. 43.8%, p = 0.005) and lower R1-R2p change (7.1% vs. 37.5%, p = 0.049) compared to ET-IONM. In the 18 benign patients (28 nerves), TC-IONM provided significantly higher EMG amplitude (p < 0.001), signal stability (r = 0.945 vs. r = 0.746, p = 0.0324) and non-significant higher signal quality and R1-R2p change. This report is the first to discuss the use of TC-IONM in pediatric thyroid surgery. In contrast with ET-IONM, TC-IONM had superior amplitude, stability and quality of EMG signals, which greatly facilitates the meticulous recurrent laryngeal nerve dissection in pediatric thyroidectomies. The TC-IONM method can be considered a feasible, effective and preferable method of monitored thyroidectomy in pediatric thyroid cancer.

scholarly journals Genetic Landscape of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma and Nuclear Architecture: An Overview Comparing Pediatric and Adult Populations

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3146
Author(s):  
Aline Rangel-Pozzo ◽  
Luiza Sisdelli ◽  
Maria Isabel V. Cordioli ◽  
Fernanda Vaisman ◽  
Paola Caria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Nuclear Architecture ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Papillary Thyroid ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Cancer Pathogenesis

Thyroid cancer is a rare malignancy in the pediatric population that is highly associated with disease aggressiveness and advanced disease stages when compared to adult population. The biological and molecular features underlying pediatric and adult thyroid cancer pathogenesis could be responsible for differences in the clinical presentation and prognosis. Despite this, the clinical assessment and treatments used in pediatric thyroid cancer are the same as those implemented for adults and specific personalized target treatments are not used in clinical practice. In this review, we focus on papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), which represents 80–90% of all differentiated thyroid carcinomas. PTC has a high rate of gene fusions and mutations, which can influence the histologic subtypes in both children and adults. This review also highlights telomere-related genomic instability and changes in nuclear organization as novel biomarkers for thyroid cancers.

scholarly journals Notch Signaling Is Involved in Expression of Thyrocyte Differentiation Markers and Is Down-Regulated in Thyroid Tumors

2008 ◽  
Vol 93 (10) ◽  
pp. 4080-4087 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Ferretti ◽  
E. Tosi ◽  
A. Po ◽  
A. Scipioni ◽  
R. Morisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Notch Signaling ◽  
Notch Pathway ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Thyroid Tumors ◽  
Follicular Cells ◽  
Differentiation Markers ◽  
Thyroid Follicular Cells ◽  
Thyroid Cancer Cells

Context: Notch genes encode receptors for a signaling pathway that regulates cell growth and differentiation in various contexts, but the role of Notch signaling in thyroid follicular cells has never been fully published. Objective: The objective of the study was to characterize the expression of Notch pathway components in thyroid follicular cells and Notch signaling activities in normal and transformed thyrocytes. Design/Setting and Patients: Expression of Notch pathway components and key markers of thyrocyte differentiation was analyzed in murine and human thyroid tissues (normal and tumoral) by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The effects of Notch overexpression in human thyroid cancer cells and FTRL-5 cells were explored with analysis of gene expression, proliferation assays, and experiments involving transfection of a luciferase reporter construct containing human NIS promoter regions. Results: Notch receptors are expressed during the development of murine thyrocytes, and their expression levels parallel those of thyroid differentiation markers. Notch signaling characterized also normal adult thyrocytes and is regulated by TSH. Notch pathway components are variably expressed in human normal thyroid tissue and thyroid tumors, but expression levels are clearly reduced in undifferentiated tumors. Overexpression of Notch-1 in thyroid cancer cells restores differentiation, reduces cell growth rates, and stimulates NIS expression via a direct action on the NIS promoter. Conclusion: Notch signaling is involved in the determination of thyroid cell fate and is a direct regulator of thyroid-specific gene expression. Its deregulation may contribute to the loss of differentiation associated with thyroid tumorigenesis.

scholarly journals Simulation of Post-Thyroidectomy Treatment Alternatives for Triiodothyronine or Thyroxine Replacement in Pediatric Thyroid Cancer Patients

Thyroid ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 595-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rotem Ben-Shachar ◽  
Marisa Eisenberg ◽  
Stephen A. Huang ◽  
Joseph J. DiStefano
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Thyroxine Replacement ◽  
Treatment Alternatives ◽  
Pediatric Thyroid Cancer

Molecular Diagnostics of Thyroid Tumors

2011 ◽  
Vol 135 (5) ◽  
pp. 569-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri E. Nikiforov
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Fine Needle Aspiration ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Braf V600e ◽  
Fine Needle ◽  
Molecular Alterations ◽  
Diagnostic Use

Abstract Context.—Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine malignancy and its incidence is steadily increasing. Papillary carcinoma and follicular carcinoma are the most common types of thyroid cancer and represent those tumor types for which use of molecular markers for diagnosis and prognostication is of high clinical significance. Objective.—To review the most common molecular alterations in thyroid cancer and their diagnostic and prognostic utility. Data Sources.—PubMed (US National Library of Medicine)–available review articles, peer-reviewed original articles, and experience of the author. Conclusions.—The most common molecular alterations in thyroid cancer include BRAF and RAS point mutations and RET/PTC and PAX8/PPARγ rearrangements. These nonoverlapping genetic alterations are found in more than 70% of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas. These molecular alterations can be detected in surgically resected samples and fine-needle aspiration samples from thyroid nodules and can be of significant diagnostic use. The diagnostic role of BRAF mutations has been studied most extensively, and recent studies also demonstrated a significant diagnostic utility of RAS, RET/PTC, and PAX8/PPARγ mutations, particularly in thyroid fine-needle aspiration samples with indeterminate cytology. In addition to the diagnostic use, BRAF V600E mutation can also be used for tumor prognostication, as this mutation is associated with higher rate of tumor recurrence and tumor-related mortality. The use of these and other emerging molecular markers is expected to improve significantly the accuracy of cancer diagnosis in thyroid nodules and allow more individualized surgical and postsurgical management of patients with thyroid cancer.

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