scholarly journals The Impact of Embankments on the Geomorphic and Ecological Evolution of the Deltaic Landscape of the Indo-Bangladesh Sundarbans

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhamita Chaudhuri ◽  
Punarbasu Chaudhuri ◽  
Raktima Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Tidal Range ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Fish Ponds ◽  
Ecological Evolution ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Anthropogenic Modifications ◽  
The Impact

The deltaic landscape of the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta has evolved through a complex interplay of geomorphic processes and tidal dynamics coupled with the anthropogenic modifications brought over in course of the reclamation of the islands since the late 18th century. The reclamation process was characterized by clearing lands for paddy farms and fish ponds by building a mesh of earthen embankments along creek banks to restrict saltwater intrusion. The length of the embankments in the Indian Sundarbans alone is 3638 km (World Bank, 2014) which altered the tidal inundation regimes, sediment accretion and geomorphic character of the deltaic inlets. The mean annual sedimentation rate (2.3 cm y−1) in the central Ganga-Brahmaputra delta is over two times higher than sedimentation within the natural intertidal setting of the Sundarbans (Rogers et al., 2017). The tidal range has also increased inland due to polder construc¬tion, with high water levels within the polder zone increasing as much as 1.7 cm y−1 (Pethick and Orford, 2013). Embankments have impacted on the biodiversity and physiological adaptations of mangroves within the sphere of tidal ingression, habitat fragmentation and seedling establishment. The chapter attempts to reappraise the impact of dykes on the geomorphology of the deltaic landscape and on the functionalities of mangrove forests.

scholarly journals Hydrological effects of the hydraulic structures constructed in the valley of the River Little Vistula in Poland from the mid-18th century to the present

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-36
Author(s):  
Jakub Czaja
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Hydraulic Structures ◽  
River Engineering ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Engineering Work ◽  
State Archives ◽  
River Meandering ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis study of the hydraulic structures constructed in the River Little Vistula (Mała Wisła) valley covers its western reach from the village of Strumień (Schwartzwasser) to the mouth of the River Przemsza. Its purpose was to assess the impact of these structures on changes in the conditions of runoff formation within the valley from the mid-18th century to the present. Historical materials (maps, sketches and plans) collected in the State Archives in Opole and Katowice were used in the study. Analyses of Austrian plane-table maps from the years 1763–1764 and 1861–1862 (1:28 800 scale) and of Prussian maps from the years 1827–1828 and 1881–1883 (1:25 000 scale) were also conducted. As a result of the study, the type and rate of hydraulic works were determined along with the techniques and methods used when constructing these structures in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was found that during the last 260 years, the main channel of the River Little Vistula moved within the meandering zone. Within the area of the Zarzecze and Mała Wisła settlements, a “new” River Vistula channel was formed during the flood in 1736, which shifted ca. 0.5–1.0 km to the south. The hydraulic structures which were constructed, mainly levees, caused water levels to rise excessively in the area during high water stages and the swollen waters often causing the levees to cave in, or to breach them. The river engineering work which was conducted also affected the formation of runoff in the valley of the River Little Vistula. It has been found that both anastomosis processes and river meandering were inhibited. In some channel reaches, temporal activation of deep erosion processes as well as channel shallowing were observed. Deep erosion reached up to 2 metres and channel shallowing up to 1 metre. These processes took place during river engineering work and the River Vistula bed took around a dozen years to stabilise following the completion of the work.

The Portrayal of Islam in Some Early Nigerian Newspapers (1880-1910)

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-328
Author(s):  
Salahudeen Yusuf
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Religious Conflict ◽  
Intellectual Honesty ◽  
The People ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
The Press ◽  
External Threat ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

The history of Islam in part of what is known today as Nigeria datesto about the loth Century. Christianity dates to the late 18th Century. Bythe middle of the 19th Century, when Nigerian newspapers began to appearon the streets of Nigeria, both religions had won so many followers and extendedto so many places in Nigeria that very few areas were untouched bytheir influence. The impact of both religions on their adherents not only determinedtheir spiritual life, but influenced their social and political lives aswell. It therefore became inevitable that both religions receive coverage frommost of the newspapers of the time. How the newspapers as media of informationand communication reported issues about the two religions is thetheme of this paper.Rationale for the StudyThe purpose of this study is to highlight the context in which such earlynewspapers operated and the factors that dictated their performance. Thisis because it is assumed that when a society faces external threat to its territory,culture, and independence, all hands (the press inclusive) ought tobe on deck to resist the threat with all might. Were newspapers used as verbalartillery and how did they present each religion? It is also assumed thatin a multireligious society a true press should be objective and serve as avanguard in the promotion of the interest of the people in general and notcreate or foster an atmosphere of religious conflict. The study also aims atfinding out whether the papers promoted intellectual honesty and fosteredthe spirit of unity particularly when the society was faced with the encroachmentof the British who posed a threat to their freedom, culture, economy ...

scholarly journals PRE- and POST-STORM LiDAR SURVEYS FOR ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT ON COASTAL EROSION

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-3/W8 ◽  
pp. 261-266
Author(s):  
A.-L. Montreuil ◽  
M. Chen ◽  
A. Esquerré ◽  
R. Houthuys ◽  
R. Moelans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Coastline Change ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Sustainable management of the coastal resources requires a better understanding of the processes that drive coastline change. The coastline is a highly dynamic sea-terrestrial interface. It is affected by forcing factors such as water levels, waves, winds, and the highest and most severe changes occur during storm surges. Extreme storms are drivers responsible for rapid and sometimes dramatic changes of the coastline. The consequences of the impacts from these events entail a broad range of social, economic and natural resource considerations from threats to humans, infrastructure and habitats. This study investigates the impact of a severe storm on coastline response on a sandy multi-barred beach at the Belgian coast. Airborne LiDAR surveys acquired pre- and post-storm covering an area larger than 1 km<sup>2</sup> were analyzed and reproducible monitoring solutions adapted to assess beach morphological changes were applied. Results indicated that the coast retreated by a maximum of 14.7 m where the embryo dunes in front of the fixed dunes were vanished and the foredune undercut. Storm surge and wave attacks were probably the most energetic there. However, the response of the coastline proxies associated with the mean high water line (MHW) and dunetoe (DuneT) was spatially variable. Based on the extracted beach features, good correlations (r>0.73) were found between coastline, berm and inner intertidal bar morphology, while it was weak with the most seaward bars covered in the surveys. This highlights the role of the upper features on the beach to protect the coastline from storm erosion by reducing wave energy. The findings are of critical importance in improving our knowledge and forecasting of coastline response to storms, and also in its translation into management practices.</p>

Uncertainty in coastal flooding: modelling and visualisation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Maskell
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Return Period ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
High Water ◽  
Coastal Flooding ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Tidal Range ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Flood Maps

&lt;p&gt;Two case studies are considered in the UK, where uncertainty and drivers of coastal flood risk are explored through modelling and visualisations. Visualising the impact of uncertainty is a useful way of explaining the potential range of predicted or simulated flood risk to both expert and non-expert stakeholders.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Significant flooding occurred in December 2013 and January 2017 at Hornsea on the UK East Coast, where storm surge levels and waves overtopped the town&amp;#8217;s coastal defences. Uncertainty in the potential coastal flooding is visualised at Hornsea due to the range of uncertainty in the 100-year return period water level and in the calculated overtopping due to 3 m waves at the defences. The range of uncertainty in the simulated flooding is visualised through flood maps, where various combinations of the uncertainties decrease or increase the simulated inundated area by 58% and 82% respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Located at the mouth of the Mersey Estuary and facing the Irish Sea, New Brighton is affected by a large tidal range with potential storm surge and large waves. Uncertainty in the coastal flooding at the 100-year return period due to the combination of water levels and waves is explored through Monte-Carlo analysis and hydrodynamic modelling. Visualisation through flood maps shows that the inundation extent at New Brighton varies significantly for combined wave and surge events with a joint probability of 100 years, where the total flooded area ranges from 0 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; to 10,300 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Waves are an important flood mechanism at New Brighton but are dependent on high water levels to impact the coastal defences and reduce the effective freeboard. The combination of waves and high-water levels at this return level not only determine the magnitude of the flood extent but also the spatial characteristics of the risk, whereby flooding of residential properties is dominated by overflow from high water levels, and commercial and leisure properties are affected by large waves that occur when the water level is relatively high at the defences.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Hydrometeorological drivers of flood characteristics in the Brahmaputra river basin in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sazzad Hossain ◽  
Hannah L. Cloke ◽  
Andrea Ficchì ◽  
Andrew G. Turner ◽  
Elisabeth M. Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
South Asian Summer Monsoon ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Flood Characteristics

Abstract. While flooding is an annual occurrence in the Brahmaputra basin during the South Asian summer monsoon, there is large variability in the flood characteristics that drive risk: flood duration, rate of water level rise and peak water level. The aim of this study is to understand the key hydrometeorological drivers influencing these flood characteristics. We analyse hydrometeorological time series of the last 33 years to understand flood dynamics focusing on three extraordinary floods in 1998 (long duration), 2017 (rapid rise) and 2019 (high water level). We find that long duration floods in the basin have been driven by basin-wide seasonal rainfall extremes associated with the development phase of strong La Niña events, whereas floods with a rapid rate of rise have been driven by more localized rainfall falling in a hydrological ‘sweet spot’ that leads to a concurrent contribution from the tributaries into the main stem of the river. We find that recent record high water levels are not coincident with extreme river flows, hinting that sedimentation and morphological changes are also important drivers of flood risk that should be further investigated. Understanding these drivers is essential for flood forecasting and early warning and also to study the impact of future climate change on flood.

scholarly journals IOT Based Smart Monitoring System for Fish Farming

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6S) ◽  
pp. 420-424 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
High Water ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Water Quality Parameters ◽  
Fish Pond ◽  
Fish Ponds ◽  
Fish Tank

The purpose of the current method is to create a safe and secure that helps the fish pond owners and aquatic planters in producing high quality fish by maintaining normal water levels in the fish tank. The flow of the low or high water in the fish pond will solve the long-term problem of killing fish in a fish tank. Each water quality can affect the health of animals alone. The flow of water on fish ponds discusses how every day should be monitored. This should ensure quality by handling the PH, membrane, temperature, ammonia etc. It is a symbol of good quality water quality standards and poor water quality pools and how it should be upgraded. It is recommended that a prerequisite to increase production by ensuring sustainable fresh quality, and consequently, priority should be given priority. Therefore, water quality parameters maintain balanced positions, culture is the basis for the health and development of living organisms. It is recommended to monitor and evaluate water quality parameters on a regular basis

scholarly journals Water Level Fluctuations in the Turawa Reservoir in Relation to the Tourist Use of the Water Body

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-144
Author(s):  
Andrzej T. Jankowski ◽  
Marek Ruman
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Water Body ◽  
High Water ◽  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Water Level Fluctuations ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Odra River ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

Abstract The aim of the paper is to assess the fluctuations of water levels in the Turawa Reservoir (50° 43’ N, 18° 08’ E) in relation to the tourist use of the water body. The reservoir is situated within the macroregion of the Silesian Lowland in the mesoregion of the Opole Plain. In administrative terms, the reservoir is situated in the pole Province within the borough of Turawa. In hydrological terms, in turn, it is situated in the catchment area of the Mała Panew river, which belongs to the basin of the Odra river. The Turawa Reservoir was opened for use in 1938, and in 1948 it was filled with water to its maximum for the first time. At present, the surface area of the reservoir, when it is filled with water to its maximum, is about 20.8 km2, its volume 99.5 mln m3, and its depth exceeds 13 meters. In the period of hydrological years 1976-2000 water levels in this reservoir were characterized by high, unnoticed in natural conditions, amplitudes of changes reaching 6.99 m. Anthropogenically stimulated fluctuations in the water level result in conflicts in terms of tasks and functions that the Turawa Reservoir was designed for. Changes in the level of the water surface in the Turawa Reservoir resulted from the impact of the natural factors (thaw and rainfall related high water levels), as well as anthropogenic ones (the need to improve sailing conditions, water supply for industrial and municipal needs). Decreasing the fluctuations of water levels in the Turawa Reservoir is necessary in order to maintain its tourist-recreational functions and keep the ecological condition of its waters at the appropriate level.

scholarly journals The Impact of Climate Change on the High Water Levels of a Small River in Central Europe Based on 50-Year Measurements

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1269
Author(s):  
Andrzej Boczoń ◽  
Anna Kowalska ◽  
Andrzej Stolarek
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Natura 2000 ◽  
High Water ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Northeastern Poland ◽  
The Impact

Climate change affects many elements of the natural environment and strongly influences the hydrology of rivers. In this study, we investigated trends in temperature, precipitation, and the water level characteristics in the small lowland river Lebiedzianka in northeastern Poland for the 50 year long period of observations (1970–2019). We recorded significant increase in air temperature and potential evapotranspiration, but the annual sum of precipitation did not change. We found significant downward trends for annual runoff. The results show a steady decrease in the number of days with high water levels. These changes caused by global warming will have a strong impact on forest habitats associated with high water levels and periodic inundations. In Europe, many of these precious habitats are protected under the Natura 2000 network as sites of high heritage value; nevertheless, their sustainability will be at risk due to the ongoing changes in their hydrological regime.

scholarly journals Empowerment of Love for Jane Austen’s Females: A Case of Creativity in Familiarity

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 131-150
Author(s):  
Assia Alhasan ◽  
Noritah Omar
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Marriage Market ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Mansfield Park ◽  
Women's Voice ◽  
Self Recognition ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Women's Equality ◽  
Conventional Systems ◽  
The Impact

The goal of this qualitative study is to explore unfamiliar concepts presented in familiar contexts in Austen’s Pride and Prejudice (1813) and Mansfield Park (1814). Also, it intends to examine Austen’s creativity in unfamiliar concepts such as women’s freedom of choice and education from a feminist perspective. This study is significant for shedding light on the empowerment of love decision, females’ self-awareness and women’s voice presented in conventional systems. In addition, it will help feminists to figure out the feminism issues reflected in Austen’s work. Further, this study addresses the question of unfamiliar concepts in Austen’s familiar contexts and identify the impact of decision making on women’s equality. The researcher uses textual analysis to discuss main themes and address research questions. The findings of the study show that Austen best novels preached out women’s emancipation of so-called marriage-market. Also, the result indicates that women of her time postulated love in marriage for achieving self- recognition and self-esteem through creative technique of familiarizing unfamiliar concepts. Therefore, it introduces new thread to Austen studies by examining how Austen familiarized her readers unconsciously with modern concepts at the late 18th century in societal and cultural respects. This study recommends that further investigations be conducted in this regard.

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