scholarly journals Main Organs Involved in Glucose Metabolism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Lema-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Simple Substance ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Postprandial State ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Natural Mechanism ◽  
Glucose Storage

Sugar, or technically known as glucose, is the main source of energy of all cells in the human body. The glucose homeostasis cycle is the mechanism to maintain blood glucose levels in a healthy threshold. When this natural mechanism is broken, many metabolic disorders appear such as diabetes mellitus, and some substances of interest, like glucose, are out of control. In the mechanism to maintain blood glucose, several organs are involved but the role of most of them has been disregarded in the literature. In this chapter, the main organs involved in such a mechanism and their role in glucose metabolism are described. Specifically, the stomach and small intestine, organs of the gastrointestinal system, are the first to play an important role in the regulatory system, because it is where carbohydrates are digested and absorbed as glucose into the bloodstream. Then glucose as a simple substance goes to the liver to be stored as glycogen. Glucose storage occurs due to the delivery of hormones from the pancreas, which produces, stores, and releases insulin and glucagon, two antagonistic hormones with an important role in glucose metabolism. The kidneys assist the liver in insulin clearance in the postprandial state and gluconeogenesis in the post absorptive state. Physiological aspects and the detailed role of every organ involved in glucose metabolism are described in this chapter.

Effects of MDMA on blood glucose levels and brain glucose metabolism

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 916-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Soto-Montenegro ◽  
J. J. Vaquero ◽  
C. Arango ◽  
G. Ricaurte ◽  
P. García-Barreno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Brain Glucose ◽  
Brain Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

The Role of Biomaterials in Insulin Delivery Systems

1980 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 299-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.D. Bruck
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Sensor ◽  
Insulin Delivery ◽  
The United States ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

The control of blood glucose levels in diabetes involving devices are critically reviewed, and the role of blood-contacting biomaterial components analyzed. These include mechanical insulin-delivery systems of the closed-loop type that require an electronic glucose sensor and feedback, and open-loop systems that deliver insulin without a sensor and feedback. Whole pancreatic and islet transplantations, islet encapsulation, and the potential role of polymeric sustained drug delivery systems are discussed. The medical and social impacts of diabetes mellitus are of prime public health concern and of even greater magnitude than those of heart disease in the United States. While future advances in device design, miniaturization, and biometrials technology will significantly add to the arsenal of therapeutic alternatives, devices capable of controlling blood glucose levels ought to be viewed as mere interim phases rather than as final goals of the problem.

Liver glycogen content decreases during meals in rats

1982 ◽  
Vol 243 (3) ◽  
pp. R450-R453
Author(s):  
W. Langhans ◽  
N. Geary ◽  
E. Scharrer
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glycogen Content ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Liver Glycogen Content ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Portal Veins ◽  
Hepatic Portal

The effects of feeding on liver glycogen content and blood glucose in the hepatic and hepatic portal veins were investigated in rats. Liver glycogen content decreased about 25% during meals both in rats refed after 12 h food deprivation (23 +/- 1 to 17 +/- 1 mg glycogen/g liver) and in ad libitum-fed rats taking fully spontaneous meals (44 +/- 2 to 32 +/- 2 mg/g). Liver glycogen began to increase within 30 min after meals in ad libitum-fed rats. Hepatic vein blood glucose levels at meal onset (118 +/- 4 mg/dl in the food-deprived rats, 127 +/- 4 in ad libitum-fed rats) and at meal end (155 +/- 3 and 166 +/- 5 mg/dl, respectively) were similar in the two groups. Portal vein blood glucose increased during meals in the previously food-deprived rats (83 +/- 4 to 116 +/- 6 mg/dl) but not in the ad libitum-fed rats (127 +/- 5 to 132 +/- 3 mg/dl). Mechanisms that may elicit prandial glycogenolysis and the possible role of this effect in the production of meal ending satiety are discussed.

Capsaicin-sensitive nerves are required for glucostasis but not for catecholamine output during hypoglycemia in rats

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (1) ◽  
pp. E212-E219 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. F. Zhou ◽  
K. H. Jhamandas ◽  
B. G. Livett
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Somatostatin Analogue ◽  
Plasma Epinephrine ◽  
Conscious Rat ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Conscious Rats ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Sensory Fibers

We have studied the glucose response and catecholamine (CA) response to insulin in the conscious rat to evaluate the role of sensory fibers in these responses in animals pretreated with capsaicin as neonates. In contrast to previous results obtained in anesthetized rats (Z. Khalil, B.G. Livett, and P.D. Marley. J. Physiol. Lond. 370: 201-215, 1986; Z. Khalil, B.G. Livett, and P.D. Marley. J. Physiol. Lond. 391: 511-526, 1987.), in conscious rats, insulin (1 IU/kg iv) produced only a mild hypoglycemia, which quickly returned to resting levels and caused no significant changes in plasma epinephrine levels. Somatostatin and SMS-(201-995), a somatostatin analogue, both potentiated and prolonged the insulin-induced hypoglycemia, resulting in an increase in circulating CA levels that was suppressed by hexamethonium and atropine. In capsaicin-pretreated rats the blood glucose levels at 90 min after insulin were significantly lower than those in vehicle-pretreated rats both in the presence (1 IU/kg insulin, 48 +/- 6 vs. 92 +/- 6 mg/100 ml, P less than 0.01) and absence (10 IU/kg insulin, 38 +/- 4 vs. 51 +/- 2 mg/100 ml, P less than 0.01) of SMS-(201-995). The CA levels in capsaicin-pretreated rats at 90 min after insulin were higher than in vehicle-pretreated rats (epinephrine levels: 27 +/- 4 vs. 10 +/- 1 pmol/ml in 1 IU/kg insulin, P less than 0.01; 64 +/- 14 vs. 25 +/- 5 pmol/ml in 10 IU/kg insulin, P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Role of PPAR in Hepatic Carbohydrate Metabolism

PPAR Research ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annelies Peeters ◽  
Myriam Baes
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Tight Control ◽  
Master Regulator ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Ppar Ligands

Tight control of storage and synthesis of glucose during nutritional transitions is essential to maintain blood glucose levels, a process in which the liver has a central role. PPAR is the master regulator of lipid metabolism during fasting, but evidence is emerging for a role of PPAR in balancing glucose homeostasis as well. By using PPAR ligands and PPAR mice, several crucial genes were shown to be regulated by PPAR in a direct or indirect way. We here review recent evidence that PPAR contributes to the adaptation of hepatic carbohydrate metabolism during the fed-to-fasted or fasted-to-fed transition in rodents.

scholarly journals Oreocnide integrifoliaFlavonoids Augment Reprogramming for Islet Neogenesis andβ-Cell Regeneration in Pancreatectomized BALB/c Mice

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ansarullah ◽  
Bhavna Bharucha ◽  
Malati Umarani ◽  
Mitesh Dwivedi ◽  
Naresh C. Laddha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Brdu Incorporation ◽  
Cell Regeneration ◽  
Mice Model ◽  
Islet Neogenesis ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Ductal Cells ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Agents which can either trigger proliferation ofβ-cells or induce neogenesis ofβ-cells from precursors would be of pivotal role in reversing diabetic manifestations. We examined the role of flavonoid rich fraction (FRF) ofOreocnide integrifolialeaves using a mice model of experimental regeneration. BALB/c mice were subjected to ~70% pancreatectomy (Px) and supplemented with FRF for 7, 14, and 21 days after pancreatectomy. Px animals displayed increased blood glucose levels and decreased insulin titres which were ameliorated by FRF supplementation. FRF-treated mice demonstrated prominent newly formed islets budding off from ducts and depicting increased BrdU incorporation. Additionally, transcripts levels of Ins1/2, Reg-3α/γ, Ngn-3, and Pdx-1 were upregulated during the initial 1 week. The present study provides evidence of a nutraceutical contributing to islet neogenesis from ductal cells as the mode ofβ-cell regeneration and a potential therapeutic for clinical trials in management of diabetic manifestations.

Partial protection against streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia by superoxide dismutase linked to polyethylene glycol

1984 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
kjell Asplund ◽  
Kjell Grankvist ◽  
Stefan Marklund ◽  
Inge-Bert Täljedal
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Superoxide Radicals ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Partial Protection ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Pre Treatment

Abstract. To test the possible role of superoxide radicals in the diabetogenic action of streptozotocin, blood glucose levels were measured in mice after a single high-dose (150 mg/kg body weight) or multiple low-dose (40 mg/kg for 5 days) injections of streptozotocin. Pre-treatment 6 h before streptozotocin with 250–300 mg/kg superoxide dismutase coupled to polyethylene glycol reduced the hyperglycaemic response in mice injected with a single dose of streptozotocin. The blood glucose levels after multiple low doses of streptozotocin were not affected by superoxide dismutase-polvethvlene glycol. Enzymatically inactive superoxide dismutase did not affect the development of hyperglycaemia. The results suggest that superoxide radicals may play a role in the diabetogenic action of streptozotocin injected as a high-dose single bolus.

scholarly journals The 2039 A/G FSH receptor gene polymorphism influences glucose metabolism in healthy men

Endocrine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossella Cannarella ◽  
Nicolò Musso ◽  
Rosita A. Condorelli ◽  
Marco Musmeci ◽  
Stefania Stefani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Profile Measurement ◽  
Homa Index ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Objective To assess the role of c. 2039 A/G (p. Asp680Ser) (rs6166) and c. −29 G/A (rs1394205) follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a cohort of healthy men. Methods One-hundred twenty-seven healthy men underwent evaluation of the anthropometric parameters, assessment of metabolic and lipid profile, measurement FSH serum levels, and genotyping of both the aforementioned FSHR SNPs. Data grouped according to the FSHR rs6166 or rs1394205 genotypes underwent to statistical analysis. Main results The three groups of men for each FSHR SNP did not differ statistically significantly for body mass index and serum FSH levels. As for FSHR rs6166 SNP, glucose levels were significantly lower in men with the GG genotype compared with those with the AA genotype. Men with AG had lower insulin levels and HOMA index values compared with those carrying the genotype AA (p < 0.05). The GG group showed a negative correlation between serum FSH levels and insulin and between serum FSH levels and HOMA index (p < 0.05). In contrast, men grouped according to the FSHR rs1394205 genotype showed no significant difference in blood glucose, serum insulin levels, and HOMA index. The AG group showed a negative correlation between FSH insulin and between serum FSH levels and HOMA index (p < 0.05). Conclusions Men with the genotype GG of the FSHR rs6166 SNP have lower blood glucose levels than those with the AA genotype. Their FSH levels inversely correlated with insulin and HOMA index. In contrast, the genotype FSHR rs6166 A/G did not reveal any role of FSH on glucose metabolism in healthy men. The inverse relationship between FSH and insulin or HOMA index in the group with the genotype GG of the FSHR rs6166 SNP suggests a possible cross-talk between FSH and insulin.

scholarly journals A Machine-Generated View of the Role of Blood Glucose Levels in the Severity of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Logette ◽  
Charlotte Lorin ◽  
Cyrille Favreau ◽  
Eugenia Oshurko ◽  
Jay S. Coggan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

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