scholarly journals Millets Cereal Grains: Nutritional Composition and Utilisation in Sub-Saharan Africa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shonisani Eugenia Ramashia ◽  
Mpho E. Mashau ◽  
Oluwatoyin O. Onipe
Keyword(s):  
Food Source ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Improve Food Security

Millets are small to medium size cereal grain crops that are cultivated throughout the tropics and subtropical region. The grains are used for food and fodder for feeding animals around the globe. Millets have great economic, health importance, gluten-free, have low glycemic index and are known as “nutra–cereals”. The grains are mostly utilised as a food source by population with lower socio-economic factors which are traditional consumers in the farm and village levels. They are rich sources of carbohydrates, protein, crude fibre, phytochemicals, minerals, and vitamins. They are processed by using different traditional processes such as soaking, germination, malting, fermentation, milling or grinding, cooking, roasting and popping. Millet grains/ flours are utilised and consumed as flat breads, biscuits, snacks, beverages, porridges, chapati, dosa, pastas. There is a need to produce new value-added products from millets which is underutilised crop to improve food security and prevent micronutrients deficiencies.

scholarly journals Fermented Edible Insects for Promoting Food Security in Africa

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusuf Olamide Kewuyemi ◽  
Hema Kesa ◽  
Chiemela Enyinnaya Chinma ◽  
Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Fermented Foods ◽  
Edible Insects ◽  
Edible Insect ◽  
Product Acceptability ◽  
Therapeutic Properties ◽  
Sub Saharan

Efforts to attain sustainable nutritional diets in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are still below par. The continent is envisaged to face more impending food crises. This review presents an overview of common edible insects in Africa, their nutritional composition, health benefits and utilization in connection with fermentation to enrich the inherent composition of insect-based products and offer foods related to existing and generally preferred culinary practice. Attempts to explore fermentation treatments involving insects showed fermentation affected secondary metabolites to induce antimicrobial, nutritional and therapeutic properties. Available value-added fermented edible insect products like paste, powder, sauces, and insect containing fermented foods have been developed with potential for more. Novel fermented edible insect-based products could effectively fit in the continent’s food mix and therefore mitigate ongoing food insecurity, as well as to balance nutrition with health risk concerns limiting edible insects’ product acceptability in SSA.

scholarly journals A Study on Cassava Production Technologies in Tamil Nadu

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-32
Author(s):  
P Chennakrishnan ◽  
D Thenmozhi
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Ocean Level ◽  
Cassava Production ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Wide Assortment ◽  
Value Added Products

Cassava is a significant nourishment source in the tropics and gives the third-most noteworthy sugar yield among the harvest plants. Since the plant develops well in poor soils and low precipitation territories, it is a famous harvest in the nations of sub-Saharan Africa. Cassava endures a wide assortment of development conditions incorporating soils with pH going from acidic to antacid, yearly rainfalls from 50 mm to 5 m, rise between ocean level and 6,600 feet, and even central temperatures. In the current year, India exported 81 million worth of tapioca and its value-added products in 2014-15 (April-December). Tamil Nadu is the top producer of tapioca and processing of tapioca as starch & sago (64%). Currently, the price of tapioca is ruled at 700 to 800 per quintal, which was sold at 1350 per quintal in March-April 2014. Farmers who got good prices last year could only get half the price this year. This was mainly due to higher production and lower demand due to the fall in sago and starch prices.

Susceptibility Profile of Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Montclair, California, to Commonly Used Pesticides, With Note on Resistance to Pyriproxyfen

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 1047-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianyun Su ◽  
Jennifer Thieme ◽  
Taylor Lura ◽  
Min-Lee Cheng ◽  
Michelle Q Brown
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Laboratory Colony ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
And Control

Abstract The peridomestic anthropophilic Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) is originated from the wild zoophilic subspecies Aedes aegypti formosus in sub-Saharan Africa, and currently has a broad distribution in human-modified environments of the tropics and subtropics worldwide. In California, breeding populations were initially detected in 2013 in the cities of Fresno, Madera, and San Mateo, and now can be found in 188 cities of 12 counties in the state. Recent genetic studies suggest that this species invaded California on multiple occasions from several regions of the United States and northern Mexico prior to initial detection. As an invasive species and vector for numerous arboviruses, Ae. aegypti is a primary target of surveillance and control in California. In southern California city of Montclair, a population was identified in September 2015, from which a short-term colony was established in an insectary. The susceptibility of this field population to commonly used pesticides with various modes of action, including 15 formulations against larvae and four against adults, was determined, in reference to a susceptible laboratory colony of the same species. No resistance was shown to most pesticides tested. However, tolerance or reduced susceptibility to spinosad, spinetoram, diflubezuron, and fipronil was detected, and modest levels of resistance to pyriproxyfen (resistance ratio = 38.7-fold at IE50 and 81.5-fold at IE90) was observed. Results are discussed based on the field usage and modes of action of the pesticides tested. Strategic selection and application of pesticides against this population of Ae. aegypti in the urban environments should be taken into consideration.

scholarly journals Enhancing information technology for value added across economic sectors in Sub-Saharan Africa✰

2020 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 120301
Author(s):  
Simplice A. Asongu ◽  
Mushfiqur Rahman ◽  
Joseph Nnanna ◽  
Mohamed Haffar
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Sub Saharan

scholarly journals Accessing the nutritional composition and phytochemical screening of Panicum maximum and Newbouldia laevis leaves

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-167
Author(s):  
A. O. Yusuf ◽  
O. S. Sowande ◽  
O. M. Sogunle ◽  
V. A. Akinbami ◽  
O. O. Oyebanji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Tropics

Ruminant livestock in most parts of the tropics graze extensively on naturally growing forages which are poor in quality. These tropical forages compared to those in the temperate, support lower levels of ruminant animal production mainly because they contain less nitrogen and are less digestible. The quality and quantity of these grasses become more critical in the dry seasons and thereby imposing more serious constraint to the development and productivity of these animals. Therefore, a study was conducted to access nutritional composition of Panicum maximum and Newbouldia laevis. Phytochemical screening of Newbouldia laevis was also carried out. Newbouldia laevis had higher crude fibre, ether extract and crude protein compared to Panicim maximum. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of Tannin, Alkaloids, Flavonoids and Saponnin in Newbouldia laevis. The percentages of tannin, alkaloids, flavonoids and saponin in the Newbouldia laevis were 11.5, 52.07, 3.1 and 0.64, respectively while none was recorded for Panicum maximum. The relatively high crude fibre, ether extract and crude protein values for both plants s appeared satisfactory for animal production. Also, the presence of the phytochemicals in the plant showed it importance in ethno veterinary medicine and pharmacology.

scholarly journals Potential for Development of Novel Food Products from Azanza garckeana Tree Fruit: a Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 121-132
Author(s):  
Johnson Kyalo Mwove
Keyword(s):  
Food Processing ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Novel Foods ◽  
Wild Fruit ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Functional Components

Azanza garckeana is among the least utilized indigenous wild fruit trees of interest in the arid and semi-arid regions of Africa. The tree's fruit and seeds have found their importance as food while their barks and leaves as medicine because of their vast nutritional and functional components. This paper reviews the utilization of the fruit in food processing demonstrating the potential this species has in the preparation of novel foods. There are few reports on macronutrients and micronutrient composition of the fruit and the seeds, and their utilization in food processing. Some researchers have identified key functional ingredients in the fruits as well as their seeds that could be of benefit when incorporated in the production of value-added food products. This paper not only advocates for the production of value-added food products from this fruit, but also its integration into farming systems to enhance nutritional security and provide ready income for communities in the dry areas in sub Saharan Africa.

scholarly journals 1.5°C Hotspots: Climate Hazards, Vulnerabilities, and Impacts

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl-Friedrich Schleussner ◽  
Delphine Deryng ◽  
Sarah D'haen ◽  
William Hare ◽  
Tabea Lissner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Global Mean Temperature ◽  
Climate Hazards ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Tropics

Differentiating the impacts of climate change between 1.5°C and 2°C requires a regional and sector-specific perspective. Whereas for some regions and sectors the difference in climate variables might be indistinguishable from natural variability, other areas especially in the tropics and subtropics will experience significant shifts. In addition to region-specific changes in climatic conditions, vulnerability and exposure also differ substantially across the world. Even small differences in climate hazards can translate into sizeable impact differences for particularly vulnerable regions or sectors. Here, we review scientific evidence of regional differences in climate hazards at 1.5°C and 2°C and provide an assessment of selected hotspots of climate change, including small islands as well as rural, urban, and coastal areas in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, that are particularly affected by the additional 0.5°C global mean temperature increase. We interlink these with a review of the vulnerability and exposure literature related to these hotspots to provide an integrated perspective on the differences in climate impacts between 1.5°C and 2°C.

scholarly journals Consumer Acceptance of Biscuits Supplemented with a Sorghum–Insect Meal

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Temitope D. Awobusuyi ◽  
Kirthee Pillay ◽  
Muthulisi Siwela
Keyword(s):  
Food Source ◽  
Consumer Acceptance ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Baked Goods ◽  
Ondo State ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Hedonic Scale

Insects are abundant in the predominantly sub-Saharan Africa region and are generally high in protein. Wheat grain contains gluten that is vital for the quality of baked goods but does not grow well in warm regions. Partial substitution of wheat with sorghum and insect in biscuits could contribute to food security among vulnerable populations. This study identified insect types most commonly consumed by the rural Olugboja community living in the rural part of the Ikare-Akoko local government area of Ondo State, Nigeria and consumer acceptance of biscuits supplemented with a sorghum and insect meal. Whole grain sorghum meal and insect meal were blended at a ratio of 3:1 (w/w sorghum: insect). Composite biscuits were made by partially substituting wheat flour with the sorghum–insect meal at 20%, 40%, and 60% (w/w). Wheat biscuit (100%) was used as a control. Regular consumers of biscuits (n = 84) evaluated the acceptability of the biscuit samples using a five-point facial hedonic scale, which was followed by focus group discussions (FGDs) to assess consumer perceptions of the use of insect as a food source. Biscuits containing the sorghum–insect meal (mean = 4.0 ± 0.6) were more acceptable than the control (3.58 ± 0.6). The biscuits supplemented with 20% of the sorghum–insect meal were the most acceptable (mean = 4.23 ± 0.6) compared to those with higher concentrations (40% and 60%). FGDs revealed that the taste of the biscuits was an important motivation for consumers to accept insect as a food source.

scholarly journals Taxing the Good? Distortions, Misallocation, and Productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Cirera ◽  
Roberto Fattal-Jaef ◽  
Hibret Maemir
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Aggregate Productivity ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Resource Misallocation ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Type Data ◽  
Marginal Returns

Abstract This paper uses comprehensive and comparable firm-level manufacturing censuses from four Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries to examine the extent, costs, and nature of within-industry resource misallocation between heterogeneous production units. This paper finds evidence of severe misallocation in which resources are diverted away from high-productivity firms towards low-productivity ones, although the magnitude differs across countries. Estimated aggregate productivity gains from the hypothetical equalization of marginal returns range from 30 percent in Côte d’Ivoire to 160 percent in Kenya. The magnitude of reallocation gains appears considerably lower when performing the same counterfactual exercise based on the World Bank Enterprise Surveys once the value-added shares of industries are adjusted using the census data. This suggests that linking firm-level survey data to aggregate outcomes requires census-type data or sampling methods that take the true structure of production into account.

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