scholarly journals Management of Nutrient-Rich Wastes and Wastewaters on Board of Ships

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Céline Vaneeckhaute
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Sewage Water ◽  
Nutrient Recovery ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Treatment Practices ◽  
Conventional Management ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Review Current

Ship-generated nutrient-rich waste sources, including food waste and sewage water, contribute to eutrophication and deoxygenation of marine ecosystems. This chapter aims to discuss the characteristics of these waste and wastewater sources, review current ship-generated organic waste and wastewater regulations, inventory conventional management and treatment practices, and identify future perspectives for more sustainable nutrient-rich waste and wastewater management on board of ships. According to regulations, untreated food waste and sewage can generally be discharged into the open sea at more than 12 nautical miles from the nearest land, hence this is currently a common practice. However, special restrictions apply in special designated areas such as the Baltic Sea, where food waste must be comminuted/grounded and nutrients need to be removed from the sewage prior to discharge at 12 nautical miles from the nearest land. Current research looks at the valorisation of these waste and wastewater sources through anaerobic digestion, composting and/or nutrient recovery.

Organohalogens of Natural and Industrial Origin in Large Recipients of Bleach-Plant Effluents

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 373-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Grimvall ◽  
H. Borén ◽  
S. Jonsson ◽  
S. Karlsson ◽  
R. Sävenhed
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
Receiving Waters ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Organic Halogens

The long-term fate of chlorophenols and adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) was studied in two large recipients of bleach-plant effluents: Lake Vättern in Sweden and the Baltic Sea. The study showed that there is a long-distance transport (>100 km) of chloroguaiacols from bleach-plants to remote parts of receiving waters. However, there was no evidence of several-year-long accumulation of chloro-organics in the water-phase. A simple water-exchange model for Lake Vättern showed that the cumulated bleach-plant discharges from the past 35 years would have increased the AOX concentration in the lake by more than 100 µg Cl/l, if no AOX had been removed from the water by evaporation, sedimentation or degradation. However, the observed AOX concentration in Lake Vättern averaged only about 15 µg Cl/l, which was less than the average AOX concentration (32 µg Cl/l) in the “unpolluted” tributaries of the lake. Similar investigations in the Baltic Sea showed that non-point sources, including natural halogenation processes, accounted for a substantial fraction of the AOX in the open sea. The presence of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in precipitation and “unpolluted” surface waters showed that non-point sources may also make a considerable contribution to the background levels of compounds normally regarded as indicators of bleach-plant effluents.

Why should the Odra River mouth area not be regarded as an estuary? A geologist's point of view

2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Osadczuk ◽  
Stanisław Musielak ◽  
Ryszard Borówka
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Lagoons ◽  
River Mouth ◽  
Mouth Area ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
River Mouth Area ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
Odra River ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Shallow Water Body

Why should the Odra River mouth area not be regarded as an estuary? A geologist's point of viewThe authors find no arguments that would justify application of the term "estuary" to the area of the Odra River discharge into the Baltic Sea. The physiography, geology, and hydrology of the Odra river mouth show that the area possesses many more characteristics typical of flow-through coastal lagoons than those of estuaries. Of key importance in this respect is the Szczecin Lagoon, an extensive, shallow water body separated from the open sea by a barrier intersected by three narrow and long straits. The lagoonal nature of the area is demonstrated also by its geological history.

Petroleum hydrocarbons - a necessity of monitoring in a dredged material in the Polish coastal zone

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-60
Author(s):  
Marta Staniszewska ◽  
Helena Boniecka
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dredged Material ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Baltic

Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) are toxic for the water organisms and in sediments they may last for a very long time. The Baltic Sea is an area exposed to the PHCs due to highly developed shipping. In Poland, there is a lack of legal standards specifying guidelines regarding handling dredged material containing PHCs, excavated in waterways, roadsteads, and in port basins, and there are no standards specifying their acceptable concentration in sediments. Therephore petroleum hydrocarbons in the excavated dredged material are rarely examined at the Polish coasts. In years 2009-2018 only 4% of sediments were examined in terms of their content. Indicated that only the sediments from the open sea did not contain PHCs, the other ones were very or moderately contaminated with PHCs. Collected results clearly indicate that sediment should be monitored in terms of the PHC content, in most cases should not be thrown back to the sea. In most cases they may be stored onshore, but only on wastelands, mainly industrial and transport areas. Some of them may also be used in the areas of cleaner lands, i.e. forests, wood- and bush-covered lands, recreation and leisure areas.

Electricity independence of the Baltic States: Present and future perspectives

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Bompard ◽  
E. Carpaneto ◽  
T. Huang ◽  
R.J. Pi ◽  
G. Fulli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Baltic States ◽  
The Baltic

scholarly journals Recruitment dynamics of the Gulf of Riga herring stock: density-dependent and environmental effects

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 1914-1920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiit Raid ◽  
Georgs Kornilovs ◽  
Ain Lankov ◽  
Anne-Marin Nisumaa ◽  
Heli Shpilev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Zooplankton Community ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Current Period ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
Gulf Of Riga ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Peak Abundance

Abstract Raid, T., Kornilovs, G., Lankov, A., Nisumaa, A-M., Shpilev, H., and Järvik, A. 2010. Recruitment dynamics of the Gulf of Riga herring stock: density-dependent and environmental effects. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1914–1920. The Gulf of Riga and open-sea stocks of the Baltic herring have displayed remarkably consistent inverse recruitment and stock development patterns since the 1970s: the open-sea stocks steadily declined, whereas the Gulf stock increased rapidly in the early 1990s, reaching a peak abundance in the early 2000s and exceeding the level of the 1970s by a factor of 2–3. The increase was accompanied by a decline in the mean weight-at-age and the condition factor. The estimated decline (by 30–40%) in the average annual consumption rate per individual and changes observed in the zooplankton community suggest that density-dependent effects may have increased since the 1970s. The current period of high stock sizes is also characterized by greater recruitment variability. Historical fecundity investigations have established that the average egg production per individual has decreased in all age groups by 20–50%, along with a decrease in mean weight and condition. Yet, the effect on recruitment has been low so far, because lower fecundity has been compensated by the greater abundance and population fecundity has been maintained at the original level. Recruitment appears to be more influenced by environmental conditions than by spawning-stock biomass.

scholarly journals EXPERIENCE IN THE USE OF EVACUATION AND RESCUE CONTAINER DURING THE EXERCISES OF THE BALTIC FLEET

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
N. A. Karpun ◽  
D. A. Seryy ◽  
D. A. Pityakov ◽  
A. V. Yurchenko ◽  
I. P. Kolesnikov
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Sea Waves ◽  
Medical Assistance ◽  
Rescue Service ◽  
Medical Specialists ◽  
Medical Evacuation ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
And Training

A large number of people need medical care at sea, not only in war but also in peacetime. In terms of peaceful navigation, despite the improved reliability of vessels and the advancement of navigation techniques, shipwrecks and damage of the equipment occur which lead to the need for marine medical specialists to be provided with medical assistance and evacuated to the places of medical assistance. One of the factors of the success of medical care is the speedy transfer of the wounded and sick from the ship to the means of medical evacuation. However, the open sea dictates its difcult conditions in which it is necessary to transfer the injured. Aggravating factors, such as severe weather conditions, sea waves, design features of ships, can significantly affect the timeliness of medical care. The experience gained during the actual and training rescue operations strongly shows that rescue of people at sea is an extremely difcult and demanding task, the success of which requires constant readiness of the forces and means of the search and rescue service, as well as personnel involved in rescue operations. The aim of the study was to assess the possibility of using an evacuation rescue container for the transfer of wounded, sick, injured, cargo from ship to ship in the open sea. The article presents the result of the use of the container evacuation and rescue in the open sea. Rules for the use of evacuation and transport container and typical difculties that may arise in the transfer of the wounded (patient) with the use of this container are described.

scholarly journals Urban Microplastics Emissions: Effectiveness of Retention Measures and Consequences for the Baltic Sea

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Schernewski ◽  
Hagen Radtke ◽  
Rahel Hauk ◽  
Christian Baresel ◽  
Mikael Olshammar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Sewage Water ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Sediment Surface ◽  
Emission Scenarios ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
Sewer Overflow ◽  
The Baltic

Urban sewage water pathways seem most important for microplastics emissions to the Baltic Sea. We use microplastics emission data for the entire Baltic Sea region, calculate emissions for three sewage water related urban pathways and develop emission scenarios for the majority of microplastics particles. All plastics are divided into potentially floating (density 0.8–1.0 g/cmł) and sinking (1.1–1.5 g/cmł) polymers and we address the size class of 20–500 μm. 6.7 × 1013 microplastics particles enter the Baltic Sea annually from urban pathways. 62% result from stormwater runoff including sewer overflow, 25% from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and 13% from untreated wastewater. The emission scenarios serve as input for 3D-model simulations, which allow estimating transport, behaviour and deposition in the Baltic Sea environment. Our model approach suggests average annual microplastics concentrations in the water body of the central Baltic Sea of 1–4 particles/m2 sea surface and 1 particle/m3 in the upper 2 m sea surface layer. The majority of the particles is accumulated in upper sea surface layers. The model suggests that only between 6% (Arcona Basin) and 21% (Gotland Basin) of the particles are below a depth of 25 m. In coastal waters, the concentrations can exceed 10 particles/m3 in the upper 2 m surface water layer (e.g., Gulf of Riga, Gulf of Gdańsk) and 1 particle/m2 on the sediment surface. Usually within weeks, emitted microplastics are washed ashore causing annual coastal accumulations of up to 109 particles/m coastline within a few kilometres distance to emission sources. On average, above 106 particles/m are annually accumulated and trapped at coasts around the Baltic Sea. The reduction of the annual sewer overflow from presently 1.5% of the annual wastewater loads to 0.3% would reduce the total emissions to the Baltic Sea by 50%. If all sewage water would be connected to WWTPs and undergo a tertiary treatment, a reduction of 14.5% of the total emissions could be achieved. The effect of retention in rivers seems limited in the Baltic Sea region, because near coast emissions contribute around 50% of the total microplastics emissions.

scholarly journals Nutrient Analysis of Food Waste from Ships’ Greywater in the Baltic Sea

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 2421
Author(s):  
Renate Kalnina ◽  
Ieva Demjanenko ◽  
Dzesika Gorbacenko ◽  
Valdis Priednieks ◽  
Janis Baronins
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Food Waste ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Nutrient Analysis ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Impact

This case study presents the results of assessments of the potential risk of pollution by food waste in different applied shipping scenarios. A four-step model was used to analyse the applied procedures. The first step of the study involved the identification of possible strategies for on-board food waste management. In the second step, physicochemical tests of visually selected greywater detected high contents of nutrients (NTotal ≤ 238 mg·L−1 and PTotal ≤ 71 mg·L−1). Daily nutrient content (DNC) calculations of different food waste management scenarios allowed us to estimate the highest emission value from the discharge of greywater mixed with shredded food waste in the third step. In the final stage of the study, the results obtained made it possible to qualitatively assess the impact of DNC load on food waste management methods in the Baltic Sea environment. This study highlights the potential risk of polluting the Baltic Sea with nutrients and other contaminants in various scenarios, which will impact the marine recovery process. The presented research helps to outline waste management approaches for the reduction of these risks.

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