Phytoplankton community structure changes in Thi Nai lagoon (South - Central Vietnam) from 2004 to 2020

Phytoplankton species composition, abundance, biodiversity indices and their influence by environmental conditions were examined in Thi Nai lagoon using data from four surveys in 2004, 2008, 2009 and 2020. A total of 367 taxa of phytoplankton belonging to ten groups was recorded, of which diatoms were dominant with over 60% of the total species. In Thi Nai lagoon, the number of phytoplankton species decreased from the upper lagoon (283 taxa) to the lagoon mouth area (224) and was lowest in river stations (139). The species number was much lower in the rainy season (<95 species) and increased from 2004 to 2020. Among the biodiversity indices, Shannon, ∆, s∆+, Λ+ and sФ+ were lower in the rainy season, whereas ∆*, ∆+ and Ф+ had lower values in the dry season. For long-term analysis, the differences were especially significant at upper and lower lagoon for ∆, ∆*, ∆+, s∆+ and sФ+. In the dry season, the mean density of phytoplankton was lower at the river stations and upper lagoon, but higher at the lower lagoon and the lagoon mouth area. There was a clear difference of species assemblages between the two seasons with average dissimilarities in each area ranging from 94.16% to 95.57%. During 2004–2020, the difference in ratios between the main phytoplankton groups were small over years but there was a complete change in dominance of particular species, assemblage dissimilarities were from 73.4 to 77.9, greatest between 2009 and 2020. The lagoon was low in biodiversity for the whole investigated time indicated by taxonomic index ∆+. Among biodiversity indices, species richness (S), taxonomic indices (∆*, s∆+), and phylogenetic indices (Ф+, sФ+) were more sensitive to the changes of the aquatic environment than other traditional indices.

Storm-Surge Induced Water Level Changes in the Odra River Mouth Area (Southern Baltic Coast)

The Odra River mouth area is a region of the Southern Baltic coastal zone especially prone to the influence of storm surges. In the present study, the height and extent of the Baltic storm surges, and temporal offsets of the respective maximum water level occurrences in the Odra River mouth area were explored using cross-correlation, cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The analyses were based on hourly water level readings retrieved from water gauging stations located along the lower Odra reaches and at the coasts of the Szczecin Lagoon and the Pomeranian Bay during storm surge years 2008/2009–2019/2020. The analysis of mutual relationships between water levels during storm surges indicated that the extent of marine influence on the lower Odra River and within the Szczecin Lagoon was variable during the studied surge events, and dependent on meteorological conditions (the strongest during the sustained occurrence of wind blowing from the northern sector), discharge from the Odra River catchment (the strongest at low discharge), ice conditions on the lower Odra (suppressing the storm surge propagation upstream), and general sea level in the Pomeranian Bay (stronger at high sea levels). The strongest correlation between sea levels at Świnoujście and water levels in the Szczecin Lagoon and the lower Odra was found at a 6–7 h offset. The extent of storm surges usually reached 100 km up the lower Odra channels, less frequently reaching 130 km away from the sea.

Oral Lesions In Covid 19 Positive Patients

Purpose: Since the beginning of the Covid 19 outbreak, many signs of the disease have been identified. It is known that Covid 19 uses the mouth area as an entrance to the respiratory tract. As with all diseases, early diagnosis and treatment is effective in the course of the disease in Covid 19. We aimed to identify the oral lesions of Covid 19 for detecting disease at early stages. Methods: Seventy-four patients whom detected Covid 19 in their nasopharyngeal swab were included in this study. Results: Fifty-eight of seventy-four patients had oral lesions. Aphthous-like ulcer was the most common oral lesion (n: 27). Respectively, other findings were erythema (n: 19) and lichen planus (n:12). The most common location of lesions was tongue (n: 23). Respectively, other lesion areas were buccal mucosa (n: 20), gingiva (n:11) and palate (n:4). Conclusion: In the study, more than half of Covid 19 patients had oral lesions. Therefore, oral evaluation is important in early diagnosis in cases whom suspected Covid 19.

Sublingual Tablets : An Overview

Drug delivery via the oral mucous membrane is considered to be a promising alternative to the oral route. Sublingual route is a useful when rapid onset of action is desired with better patient compliance than oraly ingested tablets. In terms of permeability, the sublingual area of the oral cavity (i.e. the floor of the mou) is more permeable than the buccal (cheek) area, which in turn is more permeable than the palatal (roof of the mouth) area. A rapid onset of pharmacological effect is often desired for some drugs, especially those used in the treatment of acute disorders. Sublingual tablets disintegrate rapidly and the small amount of saliva present is usually sufficient for achieving disintegration of the dosage form coupled with better dissolution and increased bioavailability.