scholarly journals Start Here When Performing Radiochemical Reactions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Daruich de Souza ◽  
Jin Joo Kim ◽  
Jin Tae Hong
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Reactors ◽  
Radiation Chemistry ◽  
Volatile Product ◽  
Laboratory Equipment ◽  
Energy Field ◽  
The Core ◽  
Radioactive Seed ◽  
Iodine 125 ◽  
Nuclear Batteries ◽  
Competing Ions

Radiation products are present in several fields of knowledge. From the energy field, with nuclear reactors and nuclear batteries, to the medical field, with nuclear medicine and radiation therapy (brachytherapy). Although chemistry works in the same way for radioactive and non-radioactive chemicals, an extra layer of problems is present in the radiochemical counter-part. Reactions can be unpredictable due to several factors. For example, iodine-125 in deposited in a silver wire to create the core of a medical radioactive seed. This core is the sealed forming a radioactive seed that are placed inside the cancer. Several aspects can be discussed in regards to radiation chemistry. For example: are there any competing ions? Each way my reaction is going? Each reaction is more likely to occur? Those are important questions, because, in the case of iodine, a volatile product can be formed causing contamination of laboratory, equipment, personal, and environment. This chapter attempts to create a guideline on how to safely proceed when a new radioactive chemical reaction. It discusses the steps by giving practical examples. The focus is in protecting the operator and the environment. The result can be achieved safely and be reliable contribution to science and society.

Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Iodine-125 Radioactive Seed Implantation as a Novel Therapy for Mediastinal Tumors

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 547-550
Author(s):  
Tao Xu ◽  
Wei-Dong Peng ◽  
Xiao Gu ◽  
Wan-Jun Yu
Keyword(s):  
Endobronchial Ultrasound ◽  
Ultrasound Guided ◽  
Novel Therapy ◽  
Mediastinal Tumors ◽  
Seed Implantation ◽  
Radioactive Seed ◽  
Iodine 125

scholarly journals Development of Alternative Method for Manufacturing Structural Zirconium Elements for Nuclear Engineering

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 5006
Author(s):  
Kirill Ozhmegov ◽  
Anna Kawalek ◽  
Dariusz Garbiec ◽  
Henryk Dyja ◽  
Alexandr Arbuz
Keyword(s):  
Structural Material ◽  
Nuclear Reactors ◽  
Nuclear Engineering ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
The Core ◽  
Plasma Sintering ◽  
Spark Plasma ◽  
Radial Shear Rolling ◽  
Zirconium Powder ◽  
Mechanical Studies

Zirconium is used as a structural material for use in aggressive environments, including the core of nuclear reactors. The traditional technology of manufacturing the structural elements of zirconium nuclear reactors is characterized by a long technological process and a significant amount of waste in the form of metal shavings. The paper presents the results of an alternative technology, spark plasma sintering, for manufacturing zirconium products. A complex of microstructural and mechanical studies of the obtained samples was carried out according to the ASTMB-351 standard. The sintering of zirconium powder and options for subsequent processing by various methods, including non-standard ones such as radial shear rolling, are justified.

Application of radiation chemistry research to the operation of nuclear reactors

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.J. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Reactors ◽  
Radiation Chemistry ◽  
Chemistry Research

MICROMEGAS FOR NEUTRON DETECTION AND IMAGING

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (13) ◽  
pp. 1340023 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. BELLONI ◽  
F. GUNSING ◽  
T. PAPAEVANGELOU
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
Nuclear Reactors ◽  
Beam Quality ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
High Radiation ◽  
Neutron Detectors ◽  
Discrimination Capability ◽  
The Core ◽  
Low Mass ◽  
Induced Fission

Micromegas-based detectors are used in a wide variety of neutron experiments. Their fast response meets the needs of time-of-flight facilities in terms of time resolution. The possibility of constructing low mass Micromegas detectors makes them appropriate for beam imaging and monitoring without affecting the beam quality or inducing background in parallel measurements. The good particle discrimination capability allows using Micromegas for neutron induced fission and (n, α) cross-section measurements. Their high radiation resistance make them suitable for working as flux monitors in the core of fission nuclear reactors as well as in the proximity of fusion chambers. New studies underlined the possibility of performing neutron computed tomography (CT) with Micromegas as neutron detectors, but also of exploiting its performances in experiments of fundamental nuclear physics.

Iodine-125 radioactive seed brachytherapy as a treatment for spine and bone metastases: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 101618
Author(s):  
Ruhi Sharma ◽  
Navraj S. Sagoo ◽  
Ali S. Haider ◽  
Neha Sharma ◽  
Maryam Haider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Bone Metastases ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Radioactive Seed ◽  
Iodine 125

scholarly journals Prediction of rate constants of important chemical reactions in water radiation chemistry in sub and supercritical water – non-equilibrium reactions

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangdong Liu ◽  
Cody Landry ◽  
Khashayar Ghandi
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Supercritical Water ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Nuclear Reactors ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Radiation Chemistry ◽  
Equilibrium Reactions ◽  
Thermodynamic Conditions ◽  
Non Equilibrium

The rate constants for reactions involved in the radiolysis of water under relevant thermodynamic conditions in supercritical water-cooled reactors are estimated for inputs in simulations of the radiation chemistry in Generation IV nuclear reactors. We have discussed the mechanism of each chemical reaction with a focus on non-equilibrium reactions. We found most of the reactions are activation controlled above the critical point and that the rate constants are not significantly pressure dependent below 300 °C. This work will aid industry with developing chemical control strategies to suppress the concentration of eroding species.

Comparative Evaluation of Iodine-125 Radioactive Seed Localization and Wire Localization for Resection of Breast Lesions

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vi Thuy Tran ◽  
Julie David ◽  
Erica Patocskai ◽  
Mathieu Zummo-Soucy ◽  
Rami Younan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lesion Size ◽  
Breast Lesions ◽  
Wire Localization ◽  
Surgical Specimen ◽  
Equivalent Number ◽  
Seed Localization ◽  
Radioactive Seed Localization ◽  
Radioactive Seed ◽  
Iodine 125 ◽  
Pathology Reports

Purpose Radioactive seed localization (RSL) uses a titanium seed labeled with iodine-125 energy for surgery of nonpalpable breast lesions. RSL facilitates radiology–surgery scheduling and allows for improved oncoplasty compared with wire localization (WL). The purpose of this work was to compare the 2 techniques. Methods We performed a retrospective study of all breast lesions operated with RSL between February 2013 and March 2015 at our university institution, and compared with an equivalent number of surgeries performed with a single WL. Imaging and pathology reports were reviewed for information on guidance mode, accuracy of targeting, nature of excised lesion, size and volume of surgical specimen, status of margins, and reinterventions. Results A total of 254 lesions (247 women) were excised with RSL and compared with 257 lesions (244 women) whose surgery was guided by WL. Both groups were comparable in lesion pathology, guidance mode for RSL or WL positioning, and accuracy of targeting (98% correct). Mean delay between biopsy and surgery was 84 days for RSL versus 103 after WL ( P = .04). No differences were noted after RSL or WL for surgical specimen mean weight, largest diameter, and volume excised. For malignancies, the rate of positive margins was comparable (2.8%-3%), with 5 of 10 women in the RSL group who underwent a second surgery displaying residual malignancy compared with 3 of 9 women in the WL group. Conclusions RSL is safe and accurate, and has comparable surgical endpoints to WL. Because RSL offers flexible scheduling and facilitated oncoplasty, RSL may replace WL for resection of nonpalpable single breast lesions.

Numerical Analysis of the Heat Transfer in a Pressurizer Water Reactor Core

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soo W. Jo ◽  
Yong K. Lee ◽  
Jong C. Jo
Keyword(s):  
Core Temperature ◽  
Nuclear Reactors ◽  
Severe Accident ◽  
Fuel Cladding ◽  
Water Reactor ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Fuel Rod ◽  
The Core ◽  
Accident Management ◽  
Emergency Operating

For the initiation of emergency operating procedures and severe accident management of most commercial nuclear reactors worldwide, monitoring of the core temperature is required. Currently, it is not practicable to directly measure the temperature of fuel cladding surface temperature due to some technical limitations. Thus, measurement of the coolant temperature by using thermocouples at the core exit locations is widely used. However, the core exit temperature (CET) may not represent the core temperature properly because the measurement locations are somewhat distant from the heat generating part of fuel rod assembly. In this regard, it is important to assess the difference between the fuel cladding temperature and the CET. The objective of this study is to get the general insight and understanding of the boiling-induced multiphase flow inside fuel rod bundle during an abnormal operation mode following a loss-of coolant accident by comparing the calculation results of the CET deviation from the fuel cladding (or in-core) temperature for the two different cases of the present analysis model subjected to a coolant flowrate of either 100% or 50% of the nominal value. To do this, three-dimensional multi-phase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations of a simplified pressurizer water reactor (PWR) core model were performed for both reactor operating modes. As a result, it was found that the calculated CETs are much lower than the maximum fuel rod cladding temperatures during both operating modes. Consequently, it is considered that the temperature deviation should be taken into account carefully to use the measured CETs for the initiation of emergency operating procedures and severe accident management of commercial nuclear reactors.

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