scholarly journals The Interaction between the Gut Microbiota and Chronic Diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Temitope Sanusi-Olubowale
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Excessive Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
The Right ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

The world is experiencing an increase in chronic diseases like diabetes, inflammatory bowel diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and diabetes preceding disease like gestational diabetes. Most of these diseases can be prevented and mitigated if individuals pay attention to the causative factors. One of such factors is the type of microorganisms in an individual’s gut. Even though there are innate beneficial microorganisms in the human gut, pathogenic microorganisms can invade the gut, changing the inborn population of the gut microbiota. The changes in the gut microbiota population have been linked to several diseases. This chapter, therefore, describes gut microbiota and their interaction with specific diseases. Also discussed in this chapter are the changes to gut microbiota composition that pose a risk to the host. There is substantial evidence that diseases are initiated or worsened with a change in the gut microbiota composition. Therefore, the gut microbiota plays a crucial role in individuals’ health and requires human efforts to keep them in the right population. Furthermore, making lifestyle changes, particularly food choices and behaviors such as the misuse of medications and excessive alcohol consumption, should be monitored and controlled to support gut health.

scholarly journals Effect of an Intermittent Meat Protein Diet on Colon Homeostasis

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 424-424
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Li ◽  
Chunbao Li ◽  
Guanghong Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Junction Protein ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Abstract Objectives The level of dietary protein is a major factor determining gut health. The level of dietary protein is fluctuated in real life, which may affect colon homeostasis. However, it is still less known about it. Here, we investigated how an intermittent protein diet affected inflammatory, gut barrier and microbiota. Methods Six-week-old male C57BL/6J mice received either a casein or pork protein with (i) 20% protein (C), (ii) 5% protein, (iii) 40% protein, or intermittent diet, a diet alternating weekly between 5% protein and 40% protein ((iv) ending on 40% protein or (v) ending on 5% protein)) for up to 16 weeks. The gene expression of inflammatory cytokines, tight junction protein and gut microbiota composition were measured. Results The intermittent intake of casein decreased body weight, but intermittent pork protein diet didn't affect body weight. In casein group, the proinflammatory factors were highly upregulated in intermittent group ending on 5% protein, but the proinflammatory cytokines of intermittent group ending on 40% protein were not significantly affected. However, the two intermittent pork protein groups reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Additionally, intermittent diet altered gut microbiota composition. Intermittent casein group ending on 40% protein increased richness of gut microbiota, but intermittent pork protein group ending on 5% protein decreased richness and microbial diversity. Conclusions Intermittent diet indeed altered microbiota structure and colon health. In addition to protein level and source, dietary pattern is also an important parameter for host health. Funding Sources This work was funded by Ministry of Science and Technology (10000 Talent Project).

scholarly journals Interleukin 1α-Deficient Mice Have an Altered Gut Microbiota Leading to Protection from Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis

mSystems ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moran Nunberg ◽  
Nir Werbner ◽  
Hadar Neuman ◽  
Marina Bersudsky ◽  
Alex Braiman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Colon Inflammation ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Interleukin 1Α ◽  
Deficient Mice ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

ABSTRACT Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are a group of chronic inflammatory disorders of the intestine, with as-yet-unclear etiologies, affecting over a million people in the United States alone. With the emergence of microbiome research, numerous studies have shown a connection between shifts in the gut microbiota composition (dysbiosis) and patterns of IBD development. In a previous study, we showed that interleukin 1α (IL-1α) deficiency in IL-1α knockout (KO) mice results in moderate dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis compared to that of wild-type (WT) mice, characterized by reduced inflammation and complete healing, as shown by parameters of weight loss, disease activity index (DAI) score, histology, and cytokine expression. In this study, we tested whether the protective effects of IL-1α deficiency on DSS-induced colitis correlate with changes in the gut microbiota and whether manipulation of the microbiota by cohousing can alter patterns of colon inflammation. We analyzed the gut microbiota composition in both control (WT) and IL-1α KO mice under steady-state homeostasis, during acute DSS-induced colitis, and after recovery using 16S rRNA next-generation sequencing. Additionally, we performed cohousing of both mouse groups and tested the effects on the microbiota and clinical outcomes. We demonstrate that host-derived IL-1α has a clear influence on gut microbiota composition, as well as on severity of DSS-induced acute colon inflammation. Cohousing both successfully changed the gut microbiota composition and increased the disease severity of IL-1α-deficient mice to levels similar to those of WT mice. This study shows a strong and novel correlation between IL-1α expression, microbiota composition, and clinical outcomes of DSS-induced colitis. IMPORTANCE Here, we show a connection between IL-1α expression, microbiota composition, and clinical outcomes of DSS-induced colitis. Specifically, we show that the mild colitis symptoms seen in IL-1α-deficient mice following administration of DSS are correlated with the unique gut microbiota compositions of the mice. However, when these mice are exposed to WT microbiota by cohousing, their gut microbiota composition returns to resemble that of WT mice, and their disease severity increases significantly. As inflammatory bowel diseases are such common diseases, with limited effective treatments to date, there is a great need to better understand the interactions between microbiota composition, the immune system, and colitis. This study shows correlation between microbiota composition and DSS resistance; it may potentially lead to the development of improved probiotics for IBD treatment.

Gut Microbiota in Health, Diverticular Disease, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Time for Microbial Marker of Gastrointestinal Disorders

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loris Riccardo Lopetuso ◽  
Valentina Petito ◽  
Cristina Graziani ◽  
Elisa Schiavoni ◽  
Francesco Paroni Sterbini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Bacteroides Fragilis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Few data exist on differences in gut microbiota composition among principal gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. We evaluated the differences in gut microbiota composition among uncomplicated diverticular disease (DD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) patients. DD, IBS, and IBD patients along with healthy controls (CT) were enrolled in our Italian GI outpatient clinic. Stool samples were collected. Microbiota composition was evaluated through a metagenomic gene-targeted approach. GI pathology represented a continuous spectrum of diseases where IBD displayed one extreme, while CT displayed the other. Among Phyla, Biplot PC2/PC3 and dendogram plot showed major differences in samples from IBS and IBD. DD resembled species CT composition, but not for Bacteroides fragilis. In IBS, Dialister spp. and then Faecalibacterium prausnitzii were the most representative species. Ulcerative colitis showed a reduced concentration of Clostridium difficile and an increase of Bacteroides fragilis. In Crohn's disease, Parabacteroides distasonis was the most represented, while Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bacteroides fragilis were significantly reduced. Each disorder has its definite overall microbial signature, which produces a clear differentiation from the others. On the other hand, shared alterations constitute the “core dysbiosis” of GI diseases. The assessment of these microbial markers represents a parameter that may complete the diagnostic assessment.

scholarly journals The influence of dietary compounds on gut microbiota

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Maja Šikić Pogačar ◽  
Dušanka Mičetić-Turk
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Interindividual Variations ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Identification ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

The gut microbiota is a complex community composed of trillions of microbes that adapts to its host over the lifetime. Recently, the advances of the methods of high-throughput sequencing have allowed the identification of microbial species in a stool sample, and mass spectrometry identification of their metabolites, both of which together have enabled much of the relevant research in the field. It has became evident that gut microbiota plays an important role in human health and influences the risk of developing many chronic diseases, including obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. The diverse ecosystem of the gut includes bacteria, viruses, phages, yeasts, archaea, fungi and protozoa. They are responsible for the production of bioactive metabolites, regulation of immune function, energy homeostasis and protection against pathogens. The mentioned functions are dependent on the diversity and abundance of the microbiota which is the reflection of the dietary habits and genetics of the host among other factors. As such, gut microbiota has significant interindividual variations. Diet and lifestyle changes present important determinants in microbiota shaping. The use of antibiotics, different sanitation measures, consumption of processed food and different diets are also reflected in the shifts of gut microbiota composition. Some of the dramatic dietary alterations can cause changes in gut microbiota composition already within 24 h and some of these changes may be difficult to reverse. Through modulation of gut microbiota composition, diet could offer a potential to manage the risk of developing disease and at the same time improving the quality of life and longevity. In this review we look at the role of diet, and specific dietary components, namely carbohydrates, proteins, fats and polyphenols on gut microbiota composition.

scholarly journals Prevention of enteric bacterial infections and modulation of gut microbiota composition with conjugated linoleic acids producingLactobacillusin mice

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengfei Peng ◽  
Zajeba Tabashsum ◽  
Puja Patel ◽  
Cassandra Bernhardt ◽  
Chitrine Biswas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Cytokine Gene Expression ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acids ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

AbstractProbiotics are recognized to outcompete pathogenic bacteria by receptor-mediated colonizing and secreting functional metabolites which have direct antimicrobial activities towards pathogens and/or improving host’s gut health and immunity. We have constructed aLactobacillus casei(LC) probiotic strain, LC+mcra, by insertingmcra(myosin cross-reactive antigen) gene, which stimulates the conversion of conjugated linoleic acids. In this study, we evaluated the protective roles of LC+mcraagainst pathogenicSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium (ST) and enterohaemorrhagicE. coli(EHEC) infection in BALB/cJ mice. Through a series ofin vivoinvestigation, we observed that LC+mcracolonized efficiently in mice gut and competitively reduced the infection with ST and EHEC in various locations of small and large intestine, specifically cecum, jejunum, and ileum (p<0.05). The cecal microbiota in ST-challenged mice with LC+mcraprotection were positively modulated with higher relative abundances Firmicutes but lower Proteobacteria plus increased bacterial species diversity/richness based on 16S metagenomic sequencing. Based on cytokine gene expression analysis by qRT-PCR, mice pretreated with LC+mcrawere found with attenuated bacterial pathogen-induced gut inflammation. Furthermore, mice fed LC+mcradaily for one week could protect themselves from the impairments caused by enteric infections with ST or EHEC. These impairments include weight loss, negative hematological changes, intestinal histological alterations, and potential death. Thisin vivostudy suggests that daily consumption of novel conjugated linoleic acids over-producing probiotic might be efficient in improving gut intestinal microbiome composition and preventing/combating foodborne enteric bacterial infections with pathogenicSalmonellaand diarrheagenicE. coli.Author summaryNumerous bacteria colonize throughout the gastrointestinal tract and form a complex microbial ecosystem known as gut microbiota. A balanced microbial composition is crucial for maintaining proper gut health and host defense against pathogenic microbes. However, enteric bacterial infections could cause illness and even lead to death of host when foodborne pathogens likeSalmonellaand enterohaemorrhagicE. coli(EHEC) invade gut intestine and cause imbalance of gut microbiota. Beneficial microbes in gastrointestinal tract such asLactobacillusand their secreted bio-active metabolites, are potential bio-agents to improve gut immunity and outcompete bacterial pathogens. In this study, to evaluate roles of novelLactobacillusstrain LC+mcrawhich produce higher amount of a group of beneficial secondary metabolites called conjugated linoleic acids, we have shown that daily oral administration of this LC+mcrafor one-week in mice lead to higher proportion of beneficial bacterial colonization in different locations of intestine and a significant reduction of pathogenicSalmonellaand EHEC colonization. Furthermore, mice fed with LC+mcrarestore and modulateSalmonellainfection-induced negative impact on gut microbiota composition and protect themselves from various levels of physiological damage.

scholarly journals The Interaction of Gut Microbiota Composition and Dietary Starch Form on Gut Health in Aged Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1585-1585
Author(s):  
Kelsey Smith ◽  
Sarah Francisco ◽  
Ying Zhu ◽  
Chia-Fang Tsai ◽  
Kathryn Barger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Starch Composition ◽  
Dietary Starch ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Abstract Objectives A high glycemic diet has been shown to increase gut permeability, which is associated with increased disease risk. Our objective was to evaluate the role of gut microbiota in mediating the relationship between dietary starch composition and gut health. Methods A high (HG) or low glycemic (LG) diet was fed in equal amounts to male mice from 12 to 24 months of age. The diets differed only by starch composition, which was 100% rapidly-digested amylopectin in the HG diet or 30% amylopectin/70% amylose in the LG diet. Within each diet, mice were assigned to one of three treatment conditions: continuous broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment (ampicillin and neomycin; HGabx or LGabx), weekly fecal microbiota transplants (FMT) from donor control mice fed the alternate diet (HG[tLG] or LG[tHG]), or a control group receiving no additional treatment. Feces were collected for microbiome analysis. Colon sections were collected for histology. Results The diet affected gut microbiota composition, with significantly greater abundance of Clostridium, Ruminococcus, and Coprobacillus in the HG-fed control animals compared with LG-fed controls. Antibiotic treatment in HG-fed animals resulted in elimination of Bacteroidetes and most Firmicutes and a proliferation of Proteobacteria, whereas LG-fed animals were able to maintain Bacteroidetes and a lower abundance of Proteobacteria. Fecal microbiota transplants altered the gut microbiome and recipients differed from their donors. Histological evaluation of colons showed increased intestinal disease in HG-fed animals across all treatments, including increased inflammatory cell infiltration and abnormal villi. Antibiotic treatment in HG-fed animals resulted in the most severe disease phenotype, and most animals died within 4–6 months on treatment and presented with an enlarged and hemorrhagic cecum upon necropsy. Conclusions The high glycemic diet altered the gut microbiome and increased the prevalence of pathological intestinal morphology, which was further exacerbated with antibiotic treatment. Our work suggests that dietary starch form has a substantial effect on the gut health outcomes, particularly in the context of antibiotic treatment or fecal microbiota transplants. Funding Sources BrightFocus Foundation, USDA/NIFA AFRI, USDA, Stanley N. Gershoff Scholarship, NIH RO1, Thome Memorial Foundation.

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