Studies on cephalometric prediction for surgical eorrection of mandibular deformities. Part IV. Evaluation of computer graphic prediction on the hard and soft tissue profile, and three-dimensional craniofacial form.

1989 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-62
Author(s):  
Mitsuo NISHIDA
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Computer Graphic ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile

A Quantitative Three-Dimensional Assessment of Abnormal Variations in Facial Soft Tissues of Adult Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate

2003 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 544-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virgilio F. Ferrario ◽  
Chiarella Sforza ◽  
Claudia Dellavia ◽  
Gianluca M. Tartaglia ◽  
Davide Sozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile ◽  
Variability Index ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Facial Soft Tissues

Objective To supply quantitative information about the facial soft tissues of adult operated patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP). Design, Setting, and Patients The three-dimensional coordinates of soft tissue facial landmarks were obtained using an electromagnetic digitizer in 18 Caucasian patients with CLP (11 males and 7 females aged 19 to 27 years) and 162 healthy controls (73 females and 89 males aged 18 to 30 years). From the landmarks, 15 facial dimensions and two angles were calculated. Data were compared with those collected in healthy individuals by computing z-scores. Two summary anthropometric measurements for quantifying craniofacial variations were assessed in both the patients and reference subjects: the mean z-score (an index of overall facial size), and its SD, called the craniofacial variability index (an index of facial harmony). Results In treated patients with CLP, facial size was somewhat smaller than in normal individuals, but in all occasions the mean z-score fell inside the normal interval (mean ± 2 SD). Almost all patients had a craniofacial variability index larger than the normal interval, indicating a global disharmonious appearance. Overall, in patients pronasale, subnasale, and pogonion were more posterior, the nose was shorter and larger, the face was narrower, and the soft tissue profile and upper lip were flatter than in the reference population. Conclusions The facial soft tissue structures of adult operated patients with CLP differed from those of normal controls of the same age, sex, and ethnic group. In this patient group, surgical corrections of CLP failed to provide a completely harmonious appearance, even if the deviations from the reference were limited. Further analyses of larger groups of patients are needed.

scholarly journals Soft-Tissue Facial Characteristics of Attractive and Normal Adolescent Boys and Girls

2008 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 799-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiarella Sforza ◽  
Alberto Laino ◽  
Raoul D'Alessio ◽  
Gaia Grandi ◽  
Gianluca Martino Tartaglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Adolescent Boys ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Nasolabial Angle ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile ◽  
Quantitative Characteristics ◽  
Attractive Face

Abstract Objectives: To identify possible esthetic canons in facial size and shape of Italian adolescent boys and girls. Materials and Methods: The three-dimensional coordinates of 50 facial landmarks (forehead, eyes, nose, cheeks, mouth, jaw, ears) were collected in 231 healthy, reference adolescents (10– 17 years old) and in 93 similar age group “attractive” adolescents selected by a commercial casting organization. Soft-tissue facial angles, distances, areas, and volumes were computed. Comparisons were made with analysis of variance. Results: Attractive adolescents had wider, shorter, and less deep faces than reference adolescents, with a relatively larger forehead and maxilla, and a reduced mandible relative to the maxilla. Lips were larger and more prominent, and the nasolabial angle was reduced, but in older boys the effect was reversed. The prominence of the soft-tissue profile, and of the maxilla relative to the mandible, were larger in attractive boys, but smaller in attractive girls than in their reference peers. In the horizontal plane, attractive “young” adolescents had a flatter face, while the opposite pattern was observed in the “old” adolescents, with a relatively more prominent chin. Attractive adolescents had smaller noses than reference subjects of the same age and sex. Conclusions: Overall, all the measurements appeared sufficiently homogenous, and the quantitative characteristics of an “attractive” face well defined. Esthetic reference values can be used to determine optimal timing and goals in orthodontic treatment.

scholarly journals Soft-Tissue Facial Characteristics of Attractive Italian Women as Compared to Normal Women

2009 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiarella Sforza ◽  
Alberto Laino ◽  
Raoul D'Alessio ◽  
Gaia Grandi ◽  
Miriam Binelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Facial Landmarks ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile ◽  
Italian Women ◽  
Normal Women ◽  
Reduced Surface

Abstract Objective: To compare the facial characteristics of two different groups of attractive women with those of reference women. Materials and Methods: The three-dimensional coordinates of 50 facial landmarks were collected in 71 healthy reference women (18–30 years old) and in 24 coetaneous “attractive” women selected during two different beauty competitions; soft tissue facial angles, distances, areas, and volumes were computed and compared using analysis of variance. Results: When compared with reference women, both groups of attractive women shared several similar facial characteristics: relatively large forehead (P < .001), reduced mandible (P = .008), and rounded face (reduced surface-to-volume ratio, P = .002). They had a more acute soft tissue profile, an increased upper facial width (P < .001) and middle facial depth, larger mouth, and more voluminous lips (P = .005) than reference women. Conclusions: Both groups of attractive women had several facial characteristics suggesting babyness. Nonetheless, each group of women was characterized by a different development of these features. Esthetic reference values can be a useful tool for clinicians, but should always consider the characteristics of individual faces.

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Soft Tissue Changes after Functional Therapy

Scanning ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Ersin Yıldırım ◽  
Şeniz Karaçay ◽  
Dilek Tekin
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Female Participant ◽  
Functional Therapy ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Color Mapping ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile ◽  
Tissue Changes ◽  
Soft Tissue Changes ◽  
Mandibular Retrognathia

This study was aimed at proposing a three-dimensional (3D) evaluation method for the soft tissue effects of Twin Block (TB) functional appliance therapy by using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. In this retrospective study, a total of 60 pre- and posttreatment (T0 and T1) CBCT images of Class II patients with mandibular retrognathia treated with a TB appliance were used. Volumetric and linear soft tissue changes were evaluated quantitatively with 3D measurements and qualitatively with color mapping visual. Linear (NV-A and NV-Pog) and angular (SNA, SNB, and ANB) skeletal changes were also measured on 3D images. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare statistical differences, and the scores of male and female participant differences were observed with the Mann–Whitney U test. In this study, a decrease was observed in SNA ( p < 0.05 ), ANB ( p < 0.01 ), and NV-Pog ( p < 0.05 ) while an increase in SNB ( p < 0.01 ) was found. However, decrease in NV-A distance was not statistically significant ( p > 0.05 ). As a result of the evaluation of soft tissue changes, while the anterior reposition of the lower lip, soft tissue pogonion, and soft tissue gnathion was found to be significant ( p < 0.01 , p < 0.01 , and p < 0.05 , respectively), the upper lip and subnasale repositions were not statistically significant ( p > 0.05 ). 3D soft tissue changes after TB therapy can be evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively by using CBCT images. Anterior repositioning of the mandible with functional therapy also provides improvement in soft tissue profile, especially in the lower facial region.

Accuracy of three-dimensional soft tissue profile prediction in orthognathic surgery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Lury Yamashita ◽  
Liogi Iwaki Filho ◽  
Flávio Wellington da Silva Ferraz ◽  
Adilson Luiz Ramos ◽  
Isolde Terezinha dos Santos Previdelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Orthognathic Surgery ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile

scholarly journals Three-dimensional soft tissue evaluation after rapid maxillary expansion and mandibular midline distraction osteogenesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyit Ahmet Öztürk ◽  
Sıddık Malkoç ◽  
Ümit Yolcu ◽  
Zehra İleri ◽  
Özge Çelik Güler
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Distraction Osteogenesis ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rapid Maxillary Expansion ◽  
Maxillary Expansion ◽  
Facial Soft Tissue ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile ◽  
Dependent Samples

ABSTRACT Objectives To evaluate the effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and mandibular midline distraction osteogenesis (MMDO) on facial soft tissues using three-dimensional (3D) images. Materials and Methods A total of 20 patients (average age 15.86 ± 2.17 years) were treated with RME and MMDO using tooth-borne distractors. Three-dimensional photographs of each patient were taken with a stereophotogrammetry system at baseline (T0), at the end of the distraction period (T1), and at the end of the consolidation period (T2). All data were analyzed using a dependent-samples t-test at a significance level of 5%. Results Total and lower face height increased after MMDO (P &lt; .05). Nasal and mouth width increased after RME as compared with baseline (P &lt; .05). The labiomental angle increased at T1 and decreased at T2 (P &lt; .05). After MMDO, the convexity angle increased while the mandibular angle decreased (P &lt; .05). Upper and lower lip angles increased after RME (P &lt; .05). The distance from the lower lip to the E plane increased after MMDO and decreased after RME (P &lt; .05). Conclusions The MMDO and RME procedures provide an efficient nonextraction treatment alternative for transverse maxillomandibular deficiency. MMDO may improve the facial soft tissue profile in the transverse and vertical axis of the mandibular region.

Three-dimensional image analysis and visualization in confocal light microscopy

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 158-159
Author(s):  
J. K. Samarabandu ◽  
R. Acharya ◽  
D. R. Pareddy ◽  
P. C. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Computer Graphic ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cellular Organization ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Computational Burden ◽  
Interactive Operation ◽  
Cell Organization ◽  
Confocal Images ◽  
3D Digitization

In the study of cell organization in a maize meristem, direct viewing of confocal optical sections in 3D (by means of 3D projection of the volumetric data set, Figure 1) becomes very difficult and confusing because of the large number of nucleus involved. Numerical description of the cellular organization (e.g. position, size and orientation of each structure) and computer graphic presentation are some of the solutions to effectively study the structure of such a complex system. An attempt at data-reduction by means of manually contouring cell nucleus in 3D was reported (Summers et al., 1990). Apart from being labour intensive, this 3D digitization technique suffers from the inaccuracies of manual 3D tracing related to the depth perception of the operator. However, it does demonstrate that reducing stack of confocal images to a 3D graphic representation helps to visualize and analyze complex tissues (Figure 2). This procedure also significantly reduce computational burden in an interactive operation.

scholarly journals Accuracy and Reproducibility of Facial Measurements of Digital Photographs and Wrapped Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) Photographs

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 757
Author(s):  
Maged Sultan Alhammadi ◽  
Abeer Abdulkareem Al-mashraqi ◽  
Rayid Hussain Alnami ◽  
Nawaf Mohammad Ashqar ◽  
Omar Hassan Alamir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Cone Beam Computed Tomography ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Facial Profile ◽  
Digital Photographs ◽  
Gonial Angle

The study sought to assess whether the soft tissue facial profile measurements of direct Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) and wrapped CBCT images of non-standardized facial photographs are accurate compared to the standardized digital photographs. In this cross-sectional study, 60 patients with an age range of 18–30 years, who were indicated for CBCT, were enrolled. Two facial photographs were taken per patient: standardized and random (non-standardized). The non-standardized ones were wrapped with the CBCT images. The most used soft tissue facial profile landmarks/parameters (linear and angular) were measured on direct soft tissue three-dimensional (3D) images and on the photographs wrapped over the 3D-CBCT images, and then compared to the standardized photographs. The reliability analysis was performed using concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) and depicted graphically using Bland–Altman plots. Most of the linear and angular measurements showed high reliability (0.91 to 0.998). Nevertheless, four soft tissue measurements were unreliable; namely, posterior gonial angle (0.085 and 0.11 for wrapped and direct CBCT soft tissue, respectively), mandibular plane angle (0.006 and 0.0016 for wrapped and direct CBCT soft tissue, respectively), posterior facial height (0.63 and 0.62 for wrapped and direct CBCT soft tissue, respectively) and total soft tissue facial convexity (0.52 for both wrapped and direct CBCT soft tissue, respectively). The soft tissue facial profile measurements from either the direct 3D-CBCT images or the wrapped CBCT images of non-standardized frontal photographs were accurate, and can be used to analyze most of the soft tissue facial profile measurements.

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