Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pesach Malovany ◽  
Amatzia Baram ◽  
Kevin M. Woods ◽  
Ronna Englesberg
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Relative Success ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Ultimate Failure ◽  
Standing Army ◽  
First World

The Iraqi Army, whose performance in the field fluctuated between prolonged failure (in 1941, 1967, 1980, and 1982), relative success (in 1973 and 1983–1990), failure (in 1991), and ultimate failure (in 2003), has won an impressive memorial in Pesach Malovany’s profound, monumental study. The Iraqi Army was established under British auspices on 6 January 1921, approximately seven months before the coronation of Faysal I, founder of the Hashemite monarchy in Baghdad. The founders of the army were former Ottoman officers who had joined the Arab desert rebellion, which aided the British in the First World War against the Ottoman Empire. It was a small, poorly equipped standing army with limited abilities. At the same time, even in its infancy, this army set a path for itself from which it did not waver until its destruction in the spring of 2003....

Defending the Dardanelles: Cevat Paşa, ‘The Hero of 18 March’

2021 ◽  
pp. 096834452110214
Author(s):  
Gün Kut
Keyword(s):  
Decisive Role ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Careful Planning ◽  
Army Officer ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Successful Execution ◽  
Ultimate Failure ◽  
Defensive Measures ◽  
First World

Cevat Paşa (General Cevat Çobanlı: 1870-1938) was an Ottoman Army officer who played a decisive role in the defence of the Dardanelles Strait against the Allied offensive during the First World War. He had been primarily responsible for the preparation and improvement of defensive plans as the commander of the Çanakkale Fortified Zone, as well as the implementation of these plans during the Allied naval assault of 19 February-18 March 1915. The ultimate failure of the offensive was mainly due to the careful planning and successful execution of defensive measures under the command of Cevat Paşa.

THE RUSSIAN CONSUL IN DAMASCUS PRINCE BORIS N. SHAKHOVSKOY’S ROLE IN INTERFAITH PEACE ON THE EVE OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR

2020 ◽  
pp. 162-178
Author(s):  
Aleksei V. Sarabiev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Interfaith Relations ◽  
Balkan Wars ◽  
Sharia Law ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Common ◽  
Foreign Ministry ◽  
First World

Prince Boris N. Shakhovskoy (1870–1926), the Russian consul in Damascus from 1907 until the First World War, left to his descendants a legacy of attentive and balanced diplomacy. His reports to the Russian Embassy in Constantinople and to the 1st Division of the Foreign Ministry contain invaluable information shedding light on interfaith relations in the Syrian regions of the Ottoman Empire on the eve and after of the Young Turk Revolution, as well as on the early months of the so-called Great War (WWI). The article analyzes the messages of the diplomat on various aspects of the religious situation in the region. He considered the activities of the Islamist organization Muslim League in Damascus, which aimed at enforcing Sharia law throughout Syrian society and countering non-Muslim and European influence in the region. An anxious change in interfaith relations is being evaluated, when Muslim suspicion towards Christians grew, aggravated by the common conscription in the context of the Tripolitan and two Balkan wars. The consul attentively followed the problems of the participation of the Orthodox Arabs in the Ottoman institutions, as well as the attempts to join the English Old-Catholics to Orthodoxy, acting through Metropolitan of Beirut. Of historical interest is also the information about the transition of the Syrian Jacobites to Catholicism, as well as notes on the Catholic missions activities in the region. All these issues in the Syrian soil are viewed by the diplomat through the prism of competition between European powers, especially France and Italy.

THE BRITISH MANDATE AND THE UPRISING OF 1920 IN IRAQ

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (73) (1) ◽  
pp. 140-153
Author(s):  
S. S. Shchevelev
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Middle East ◽  
World War I ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
British Mandate ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

The article examines the initial period of the mandate administration of Iraq by Great Britain, the anti-British uprising of 1920. The chronological framework covers the period from May 1916 to October 1921 and includes an analysis of events in the Middle East from May 1916, when the secret agreement on the division of the territories of the Ottoman Empire after the end of World War I (the Sykes-Picot agreement) was concluded before the proclamation of Faisal as king of Iraq and from the formation of the country՚s government. This period is a key one in the Iraqi-British relations at the turn of the 10-20s of the ХХ century. The author focuses on the Anglo-French negotiations during the First World War, on the eve and during the Paris Peace Conference on the division of the territory of the Ottoman Empire and the ownership of the territories in the Arab zone. During these negotiations, it was decided to transfer the mandates for Syria (with Lebanon) to the France, and Palestine and Mesopotamia (Iraq) to Great Britain. The British in Iraq immediately faced strong opposition from both Sunnis and Shiites, resulting in an anti-English uprising in 1920. The author describes the causes, course and consequences of this uprising.

The East’s Eastern Front: The Ottoman–Russian Clash in the Great War and Its Legacies

2019 ◽  
pp. 096834451982733
Author(s):  
Michael A. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Eastern Front ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Great War ◽  
First World

This article provides an overview of the neglected Caucasian front of the First World War and explores its impact on the overall course of the war and its legacy for the Middle East and Eurasia. By unexpectedly prolonging hostilities and leading the Russian empire to overextend itself, the conflict with the Ottoman empire contributed critically to Russia’s revolutionary crisis and collapse and thereby altered decisively the fate of the Middle East and Eurasia. The article places the Ottoman–Russian conflict in the context of the relentless growth of Western European military and economic might from the eighteenth century onward.

Throwing Snowballs in France: Muslimsipahisof the Indian Army and Sheikh Ahmad's dream, 1915–1918

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 1024-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
GAJENDRA SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
First World War ◽  
Sexual Relationships ◽  
Single Chain ◽  
World War ◽  
British Raj ◽  
The First World War ◽  
War Effort ◽  
Martial Race ◽  
First World

AbstractThe arrival of Indiansipahis(or ‘sepoys’) to fight alongside soldiers of the British Expeditionary Force in France in October 1914 was both a victory and a source of concern for the British Raj. It proved to be the zenith of martial race fantasies that had been carefully codified from the 1890s, and birthed fears about the effects that Europe and the rapidly intensifying conflict on the Western Front would have upon the ‘best black troops in the world’. The situation resulted in the appointment of a special military censor to examine the letters sent to and from Indiansipahisand compile a fortnightly summary of Indian letters from France for the duration of the First World War. This paper investigates a portion of the letters contained in these reports. More particularly, it investigates the life of a single chain letter and the effect its chiliastic message had upon Muslim troops of the Indian Army during the First World War. As the letter was read, rewritten, and passed on, it served as a rejoinder to missionary efforts by theAhmadiyyaMovement, reinterpreted as a call for soldiers to purify their own bodies and oppose interracial sexual relationships, before, finally, being used as a critique of the British war effort against the Ottoman empire.

scholarly journals AN OVERVIEW OF THE ACTIVITIES OF TESKILAT-I MAHSUSA IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (48) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Core ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Military Activity ◽  
First World

The Ottoman Empire signed an alliance agreement with Germany right after the start of the First World War. After the Alliance treaty, political and military targets were determined in the meeting held among the leaders of the Committee of Union and Progress to determine the policy to be followed. In this meeting, it was also decided to set up an Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa, which would carry out a guerilla war for the army. Establishment of Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa, immediately after the alliance signed with Germany, shows that Germany is also looking at this kind of initiative. It was established under the proposal of Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa Enver Pasha under the Ministry of War. Süleyman Askeri Bey, who dealt with the guerilla war, was brought to the head of the Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa. The next two presidents were elected among soldiers of military origin. Unionist officers formed the core of the organization. Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa carried out activities in the Balkans, Caucasus, Morocco, Tripoli, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq and Syria during the First World War. However, during the war, the Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa underwent some changes. After Ali Başhampa, a civilian, became the president, the name of Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa became Umur-ı Şarkiyye Dairesi, and Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa became more central and civil. Following this change, Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa started to conduct propaganda rather than military activity. In this article, the activities carried out by Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa during the First World War will be evaluated. Keywords: Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa, Enver Pashaa, the Committee of Union and Progress, the Ottoman Empire

scholarly journals The Impact of the Spanish Influenza on the Ottoman Empire

Belleten ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 79 (286) ◽  
pp. 1099-1120
Author(s):  
Murat Yolun ◽  
Metin Kopar
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Spanish Influenza ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

As the Spanish influenza affected almost all the world, the Ottoman Empire suffered from it. The geoepidemiology of the Ottoman was vulnerable to epidemic or pandemic diseases. Since it was an active participant of the First World War, it can be said that it was inevitable situation to escape from this devastating pandemic. Probably, the pandemic disease entered into the Ottoman from Europe and it led to cases or death in many places of Anatolia. The armies were so affected from it that this pandemic played a considerable role in the end of the war. So as to prevent this pandemic influenza, some precautions such as closure of public spaces like schools were taken. Much social mobility resulted from wartime caused this epidemic influenza to spread world widely easily. In order to prevent the pandemic, new inoculations and drugs were tested, but these attempts failed to prevent the spread of the flu completely. On account of the fact that present sources are inadequate, it is impossible to say the exact number of dead people of this pandemic. Nevertheless, available primary and secondary sources give us to estimate the impact of this pandemic disease on the Ottoman Empire.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Smiley
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
International Law ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
First World War ◽  
State Agency ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

This chapter sums up the arguments of the book, after a brief discussion of how Ottoman captivity during the First World War continued earlier legacies. It assesses the book’s lessons for our view of international law, of the Ottoman Empire, and of slavery. Law, it argues, was never absent from the story of Ottoman captivity; the question was which rules were seen as binding, by which individuals or institutions, how they interpreted them, what their sources were, and how they were enforced. The Ottoman law of captivity was a contingent product of its context, but nonetheless converged with practices in Europe. Thus we might look for changes in the eighteenth century, often seen as a period of stagnation or undifferentiated transformation. We also see active Ottoman state agency, in conversation with its own subjects’ claims, in shaping the international rules by which the empire was bound and foreshadowing later political developments.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document