Anti-Trichomonas vaginalis Effect of Methanolic Extracts of Sambucus nigra in Comparison with Metronidazole

Background: Trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease caused by a flagellated protozoan living in the genitourinary tract, which infects both men and women. Metronidazole is the treatment of choice for trichomoniasis. Researchers are seeking an alternative to metronidazole because of its inevitable side effects and toxicity. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the methanolic extract of Sambucus nigra against Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro. Methods: Plants were collected from different areas of Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Fruits were separated, shade-dried, milled, and their methanolic extract was prepared in concentrations of 100, 200, 400, and 800 µg/mL. Parasites were obtained from patients referring to different health centers of Mazandaran province, cultured in Dorset medium, and incubated at 37°C. The effects were evaluated and compared to a control group. The data were analyzed by SPSS 18 using the ANOVA test. Results: The exposure time and concentration of the extracts had a direct effect on anti-parasitic activity so that increasing extract concentration and incubation time heightened the anti-trichomoniasis effects. The concentrations of 400 and 800 µg/ml of the plant had 100% efficacy after 72 and 48 hours, respectively. Conclusions: It can be concluded from our results that the methanolic extract of S. nigra has a remarkable ability to destroy T. vaginalis and it can be considered an effective drug against T. vaginalis with further studies in human and animal models.

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In Vitro Effect of Methanolic Extract of Argemone mexicana against Trichomonas vaginalis

The Korean Journal of Parasitology ◽

10.3347/kjp.2020.58.2.135 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 135-145 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Joel Horacio Elizondo-Luevano ◽

Julia Verde-Star ◽

Azucena González-Horta ◽

Rocío Castro-Ríos ◽

Magda Elizabeth Hernández-García ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Methanolic Extract ◽

Argemone Mexicana ◽

Antiparasitic Activity ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Methanolic Extracts ◽

Stems And Leaves ◽

Vitro Effect

Infections caused by Trichomonas vaginalis in humans are one of the main public health problems caused by sexually transmitted diseases. Objective of this study was to evaluate potential biological activity of the medicinal plant Argemone mexicana (Mexican poppy) on T. vaginalis. Methanolic extracts of the stems and leaves of A. mexicana, and different fractions were prepared with solvents of different polarities. The extracts and functional groups were detected containing sterols, triterpenes, quinones, flavonoids and, alkaloids. Extracts from both the stems and leaves of A. mexicana inhibited the growth of T. vaginalis with half-maximal inhibitory concentration value of 70.6 and 67.2 μg/ml, respectively. In the active fractions, the most abundant compounds were berberine and jatrorrhizine, with presumed antiparasitic activity.

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A Review on Herbal Treatments for Trichomonas Vaginalis

Tabari Biomedical Student Research Journal ◽

10.18502/tbsrj.v3i2.6673 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Fatemeh Rahmani ◽

Yahya Ehteshaminia ◽

Hamid Mohammadi ◽

Seif Ali Mahdavi

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Transmitted Disease ◽

Protozoan Parasite ◽

Patient Acceptance ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Men And Women ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages

Introduction: Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite that infects the urogenital tract of men and women and causes trichomoniasis, a common sexually transmitted disease in both men and women. The infection is often asymptomatic, but it can be accompanied by symptoms such as severe inflammation, itching and burning, foamy discharge and foul-smelling mucus. In one year, 250 million cases of Trichomonas vaginalis were reported worldwide. Material and Methods: In this study, the websites of PubMed, Google Scholar, SID, and Margiran were searched and related articles were reviewed. Results: Today, the most common treatment for this disease is the use of metronidazole. However, its side effects, which include hematological and neurotoxic effects, cannot be ignored. Because of these side effects, researchers are looking for a suitable replacement for metronidazole in the treatment of trichomoniasis. Researchers' desire to use herbs can be due to various reasons such as fewer side effects, better patient acceptance, recommendation of traditional medicine, lower prices of herbs and also compatibility with the normal physiological function of the human body. Conclusion: Considering the inhibitory effects of medicinal plants on the growth and proliferation of Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro, it can be concluded that the use of these plants can have many applications in the treatment of trichomoniasis. As a result, by studying more about their advantages and disadvantages, it is possible to make a drug that has higher therapeutic effects with fewer side effects.

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Zinc-clotrimazole complexes are effective against Trichomonas vaginalis

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s003118201900043x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 146 (9) ◽

pp. 1206-1216 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Victor Midlej ◽

Felipe Rubim ◽

Wilmer Villarreal ◽

Érica S. Martins-Duarte ◽

Maribel Navarro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Transmitted Disease ◽

Protozoan Parasite ◽

Parasite Resistance ◽

Zinc Compounds ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Zinc Salts ◽

Imidazole Compounds

AbstractTrichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite that causes trichomoniasis in humans, the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted disease (STD). Imidazole compounds are used for the treatment of trichomoniasis, and metronidazole is the most commonly prescribed. However, these compounds can lead to parasite resistance and unwanted side effects. Therefore, there is a need for an alternative treatment for this disease. Here, we explored the potential of clotrimazole (CTZ) and zinc compounds, as well as CTZ complexed with zinc salts ([1] acetate [Zn(CTZ)2(Ac)2] and [2] a chloride [Zn(CTZ)2Cl2] complexes) against T. vaginalis. We synthesized the zinc complexed CTZ compounds and determined their concentration values that inhibited parasite growth by 50% (IC50). We used scanning and transmission electron microscopy to visualize the ultrastructural alterations induced by CTZ and their zinc complexes. The incubation of the parasites with [Zn(CTZ)2(Ac)2] complex inhibited their growth, yielding an IC50 of 4.9 µm. Moreover, there were changes in the shape of treated parasites, including the formation of surface projections that subsequently detached from the cell, in addition to changes in the hydrogenosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. We found [Zn(CTZ)2(Ac)2] to be a highly effective compound against T. vaginalis in vitro, suggesting its potential utility as an alternative chemotherapy for trichomoniasis.

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Molecular Epidemiology of Metronidazole Resistance in a Population of Trichomonas vaginalis Clinical Isolates

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.38.8.3004-3009.2000 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 38 (8) ◽

pp. 3004-3009 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Lauren J. Snipes ◽

Pascale M. Gamard ◽

Elizabeth M. Narcisi ◽

C. Ben Beard ◽

Tovi Lehmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Resistance ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽

Transmitted Disease ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Nucleotide Position ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Metronidazole Resistance ◽

High Level

Trichomonas vaginalis, the causative agent for human trichomoniasis, is a problematic sexually transmitted disease mainly in women, where it may be asymptomatic or cause severe vaginitis and cervicitis. Despite its high prevalence, the genetic variability and drug resistance characteristics of this organism are poorly understood. To address these issues, genetic analyses were performed on 109 clinical isolates using three approaches. First, two internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions flanking the 5.8S subunit of the ribosomal DNA gene were sequenced. The only variation was a point mutation at nucleotide position 66 of the ITS1 region found in 16 isolates (14.7%). Second, the presence of a 5.5-kb double-stranded RNAT. vaginalis virus (TVV) was assessed. TVV was detected in 55 isolates (50%). Finally, a phylogenetic analysis was performed based on random amplified polymorphic DNA data. The resulting phylogeny indicated at least two distinct lineages that correlate with the presence of TVV. A band-sharing index indicating relatedness was created for different groups of isolates. It demonstrated that isolates harboring the virus are significantly more closely related to each other than to the rest of the population, and it indicated a high level of relatedness among isolates with in vitro metronidazole resistance. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that drug resistance toT. vaginalis resulted from a single or very few mutational events. Permutation tests and nonparametric analyses showed associations between metronidazole resistance and phylogeny, the ITS mutation, and TVV presence. These results suggest the existence of genetic markers with clinical implications for T. vaginalisinfections.

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Novel Insights into the Molecular Events Linking to Cell Death Induced by Tetracycline in the Amitochondriate Protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01779-15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 59 (11) ◽

pp. 6891-6903 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kuo-Yang Huang ◽

Fu-Man Ku ◽

Wei-Hung Cheng ◽

Chi-Ching Lee ◽

Po-Jung Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Transmitted Disease ◽

Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Rna Seq ◽

Content Type ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Molecular Events

ABSTRACTTrichomonas vaginaliscolonizes the human urogenital tract and causes trichomoniasis, the most common nonviral sexually transmitted disease. Currently, 5-nitroimidazoles are the only recommended drugs for treating trichomoniasis. However, increased resistance of the parasite to 5-nitroimidazoles has emerged as a highly problematic public health issue. Hence, it is essential to identify alternative chemotherapeutic agents against refractory trichomoniasis. Tetracycline (TET) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with activity against several protozoan parasites, but the mode of action of TET in parasites remains poorly understood. Thein vitroeffect of TET on the growth ofT. vaginaliswas examined, and the mode of cell death was verified by various apoptosis-related assays. Next-generation sequencing-based RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was employed to elucidate the transcriptome ofT. vaginalisin response to TET. We show that TET has a cytotoxic effect on both metronidazole (MTZ)-sensitive and -resistantT. vaginalisisolates, inducing some features resembling apoptosis. RNA-seq data reveal that TET significantly alters the transcriptome via activation of specific pathways, such as aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and carbohydrate metabolism. Functional analyses demonstrate that TET disrupts the hydrogenosomal membrane potential and antioxidant system, which concomitantly elicits a metabolic shift toward glycolysis, suggesting that the hydrogenosomal function is impaired and triggers cell death. Collectively, we providein vitroevidence that TET is a potential alternative therapeutic choice for treating MTZ-resistantT. vaginalis. The in-depth transcriptomic signatures inT. vaginalisupon TET treatment presented here will shed light on the signaling pathways linking to cell death in amitochondriate organisms.

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Actividad anti-Toxoplasma de extractos metanólicos de frutos y hojas de Sambucus nigra (Caprifoliaceae)

Revista de Biología Tropical ◽

10.15517/rbt.v63i1.14545 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

pp. 7 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Ahmad Daryani ◽

Mohammad Ali Ebrahimzadeh ◽

Mehdi Sharif ◽

Ehsan Ahmadpour ◽

Sara Edalatian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blue Staining ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Sambucus Nigra ◽

Mazandaran Province ◽

Methanolic Extracts ◽

Wide Range ◽

Obligatory Intracellular Parasite ◽

Better Than

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligatory intracellular parasite that infects a wide range of warm-blooded animals and humans. Considering the severity of toxoplasmosis, side effects of current treatments, and the contribution of the ethnopharmacological knowledge for the treatment of parasitic infections, the aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of methanolic extracts from the fruits and leaves of Sambucus nigra against tachyzoite of T. gondii. For this, fruits and leaves of S. nigra were collected from Mazandaran province, Iran, were dried under the shade, and powdered using a commercial electrical blender. For extractions, methanol was used as solvent. Virulent RH strain of T. gondii was maintained in mice and macrophages containing tachyzoites were aspirated from the peritoneal cavity. Four concentrations (5, 10, 25 and 50mg/mL) of S. nigra extract were incubated with infected macrophages for 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes and the viability of the tachyzoites were evaluated by trypan blue staining. Results showed that S. nigra fruit extracts at the concentrations of 5 and 10mg/mL killed 100% of T. gondii tachyzoites after 60 and 120 minutes, respectively; and concentrations of 25 and 50mg/mL killed 100% of the tachyzoites after 30 minutes. Additionally, extract of S. nigra leaves, at the concentrations of 5, 10 and 25mg/mLafter 180 minutes, and concentration of 50mg/mLafter 60 minutes, resulted with the highest efficacy. Our results showed that S. nigra has acceptable efficacy in vitro and the parasiticidal effect of fruit extract was significantly better than leaf extract. However, in vivo efficacy of this extract needs further investigation.

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The protozoanTrichomonas vaginalistargets bacteria with laterally-acquired NlpC/P60 peptidoglycan hydrolases

10.1101/320382 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Jully Pinheiro ◽

Jacob Biboy ◽

Waldemar Vollmer ◽

Robert P. Hirt ◽

Jeremy R. Keown ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Close Association ◽

Transmitted Disease ◽

Protozoan Parasite ◽

Mixed Cultures ◽

Vaginal Mucosa ◽

Transmitted Infection ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Peptidoglycan Hydrolases

AbstractTrichomonas vaginalisis a human eukaryotic pathogen and the causative agent of trichomoniasis, the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection worldwide. This extracellular protozoan parasite is intimately associated with the human vaginal mucosa and microbiota but key aspects of the complex interactions between the parasite and the vaginal bacteria remain elusive. We report thatT. vaginalishas acquired, by lateral gene transfer from bacteria, genes encoding peptidoglycan hydrolases of the NlpC/P60 family. Two of theT. vaginalisenzymes were active against bacterial peptidoglycan, retaining the active site fold and specificity as DL-endopeptidases. The endogenous NlpC/P60 genes are transcriptionally up regulated inT. vaginaliswhen in the presence of bacteria. The over-expression of an exogenous copy produces a remarkable phenotype where the parasite is capable of competing out bacteria from mixed cultures, consistent with the biochemical activity of the enzymein vitro. Our study highlights the relevance of the interactions of this eukaryotic pathogen with bacteria, a poorly understood aspect on the biology of this important human parasite.Author summaryTrichomonas vaginalisis a protozoan parasite that causes a very common sexually transmitted disease known as trichomoniasis. This extracellular parasite resides in the vagina where it is in close association with the mucosa and the local microbiota. Very little is known about the nature of the parasite-bacteria interactions. Here, we report that this parasite had acquired genes from bacteria which retained their original function producing active enzymes capable of degrading peptidoglycan, a polymer that is chemically unique to the cell envelope of bacteria. Our results indicate that these enzymes help the parasite compete out bacteria in mixed cultures. These observations suggest that these enzymes may be critical for the parasite to establish infection in the vagina, a body site that is densely colonised with bacteria. Our study further highlights the importance of understanding the interactions between pathogens and microbiota, as the outcomes of these interactions are increasingly understood to have important implications on health and disease.

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Trichomonas vaginalis: An Updated Overview Towards Diagnostic Improvement

Acta Parasitologica ◽

10.1515/ap-2016-0002 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ana S. Oliveira ◽

Ana R. Ferrão ◽

Filomena Martins Pereira ◽

José Martinez-de-Oliveira ◽

Ana Palmeira-de-Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Sexually Transmitted Disease ◽

Gold Standard ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Transmitted Disease ◽

Diagnostic Techniques ◽

In Vitro Cultures ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Significant Incidence ◽

Sensitive Method

AbstractThe protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) is responsible for trichomonosis, a sexually transmitted disease (STD) with a significant incidence worldwide. This infection is one of the most common non-viral STDs, representing almost 50% of all curable STDs. Trichomonosis has an incidence of 180 million new cases worldwide. Nowadays, the ‘gold standard’ for TV diagnosis remains the use of in vitro cultures combined with daily visual microscopic evaluations, which is a time-consuming and low sensitive method. Recent diagnostic methodologies include imunocromatographic assays and molecular biology techniques. The use of the latter has improved enormously the sensitivity and specificity of TV diagnosis, despite, however, none being unable to identify the presence of live parasites. By understanding the biology, the pathogenesis, the proteomic profile and its relation with the parasite’s virulence mechanisms, new possibilities towards diagnostic techniques can arise. This review covers various important aspects of vaginal trichomonosis from the parasite’s biology and virulence to recent improvements in diagnostic techniques and also metabolic and protein discoveries.

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Investigation of Oral Subacute Toxicity and In-Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Standardized Methanolic Extract of Quercus serrata Leaves

Current Bioactive Compounds ◽

10.2174/1573407216999201224150602 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Author(s):

Maibam Beebina Chanu ◽

Biseshwori Thongam ◽

Khumukcham Nongalleima ◽

Hans Raj Bhat ◽

Surajit Kumar Ghosh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Biochemical Parameters ◽

Methanolic Extract ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Quercus Serrata ◽

Control Group ◽

Blood Cell Count ◽

Toxicological Profile

Background: Quercus serrata Murray leaves have been used traditionally in the treatment of diabetes, dysmenorrhoea, inflammation and urinary tract infection. So, far no study had been reported on the toxicological profile and antioxidant properties of the plant. Objective: The present study was aimed to investigate the in-vivo toxicological profile and in-vitro antioxidant activities of the methanolic extract of standardized Quercus serrata leaves. Methods: Per-oral sub-acute toxicity study was performed in rats using three dose levels (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg b.w.) of the extract for 28-days. Control group received gum acacia suspended in water. Bodyweight was measured weekly. Biochemical parameters were analysed using the serum, the blood-cell count was done using whole blood. Pathological changes were also checked in highly perfused tissues. Further, in-vitro reducing power assay, nitric oxide scavenging assay, DPPH free-radical scavenging assay were performed to check the antioxidant activity of the extract. Results: There were no significant alterations in the blood-cell count and biochemical parameters analysed in the treatment group when compared with the normal control. Histopathology study of liver, kidney, pancreas, heart and brain revealed normal cellular architecture in the treatment groups alike the control group animals. Quercus serrata also showed a significant reduction of DPPH with IC50 4.48±0.254 µg/mL, in-vitro reducing power activity with IC50121.65±0.320 µg/mL and nitric oxide scavenging activity IC50 106.43±0.338 µg/mL. Conclusion: The above study showed that standardized methanolic extract of Quercus serrata leaves was safe after subacute oral administration in rats and has good antioxidant potential.

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Chemical compositions, antimicrobial effects, and cytotoxicity of Asia minor wormwood (Artemisia splendens Willd.) growing in Iran

BMC Chemistry ◽

10.1186/s13065-021-00759-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Fariba Heshmati Afshar ◽

Masumeh Zadehkamand ◽

Zahra Rezaei ◽

Abbas Delazar ◽

Vahideh Tarhriz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Line ◽

Proliferative Activity ◽

Methanolic Extract ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Flavonoid Glycosides ◽

Control Group ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Preparative Hplc ◽

Cytotoxicity Activity ◽

Methanolic Extracts

Abstract Background Artemisia splendens from the Asteraceae family is a new source of biologically active compounds. The current study investigated to evaluate antimicrobial and cytotoxicity activity of methanolic extracts and their fractions obtained from aerial parts by agar disk diffusion and MTT methods, respectively. The active fractions were subjected to preparative HPLC for isolating the pure compounds, which were structurally elucidated, by 1H and 13C NMR. Results The results showed that the methanolic extract and its 60% SPE fraction have the anti-proliferative activity on A549 cell line in comparison with the control group. Meanwhile, the methanolic extract and its 40% SPE fraction can inhibit the growth of Gram-positive strains as anti-microbial activity. The 60% SPE fraction also illustrated anti-proliferative activity on the HT-29 cell line compared to the control group. Chromatographic separations via preparative HPLC yielded 5 flavonoids and three flavonoid glycosides. Conclusion Based on the results it can be concluded that A. splendens as a potential source of cytotoxic and antimicrobial compounds can be used in pharmaceutics.

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