scholarly journals Is it Necessary to Recommend Iodine Supplement to Pregnant Women Living in Areas with Adequate Iodine Intake?

2020 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmood Sovid ◽  
Maryam Bahmani ◽  
Alamtaj Aamsami
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Background: Iodine need is increased during pregnancy and its deficiency can lead to complications in mother and fetus. The latest international guidelines have recommended a higher intake of iodine. Iran has implemented a national salt iodization program since 25 years ago, and the general population is iodine-sufficient. However, recent studies have shown that a significant proportion of pregnant women have urinary iodine concentration (UIC) below the recommended range of 150 - 250 µg/L. Based on the results of these studies, iodine supplement during pregnancy is widely used, but this practice is controversial. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the necessity for iodine supplementation in pregnant women living in Shiraz, an iodine-replete area. Methods: In this cross-sectional case-control study, UIC and thyroid-stimulating hormone of 174 pregnant women taking 150 µg/day iodine (group 1) were compared with 124 pregnant women not taking the supplement (group 2). The proportion of women with UIC below the recommended level in each group was also determined. UIC of the women in different trimesters in each group was also investigated and compared. Results: Mean UIC in groups 1 and 2 was 175.71 ± 56.43 µg/Land 122.5 ± 44.37 µg/L and this difference was significant (P = 0.006). Also, 56% of women in group 2 and 24 % in group 1 had UIC below the recommended value (P < 0.01). Mean UIC in both groups decreased with advancing gestational age. In group 1, mean UIC remained in the recommended range, whereas in group 2, it decreased to less than 100 µg/L. Conclusions: In areas covered by the national salt iodine implementation program, it is necessary to recommend iodine supplement to pregnant women to prevent iodine insufficiency.

scholarly journals Urinary Iodine Concentration as an Indicator of Iodine Status and its Correlation with the Thyroid Hormones and Hemoglobin Levels in First Trimester Pregnant Women - An Exploratory Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 791-799
Author(s):  
Syeda Farha S ◽  
Asna Urooj
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
The Impact

During pregnancy, the daily requirement of iodine increases making those most at-risk population for iodine deficiency disorders. The available confined data shows that pregnant women are iodine deficient even in iodine sufficient regions with this background the objectives of the current study were to assess the urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and evaluate the relationship between the levels of hemoglobin, UIC, and thyroid status in first-trimester pregnant women. A cross-sectional hospital-based study with a total sample size of n=110 pregnant women at the13th week of gestation in the Mysuru district was selected. The UIC, anthropometric measurements, iodine intake, and selected biochemical parameters (TSH, FT3, FT4, and Hb) were assessed. The data was analysed using SPSS (v 16.0). Spearman’s rank correlation test was used to analyse correlations. The Mann- Whitney U test was used to compare differences between groups. ANOVA was used to study the comparison of pregnancy complications with UIC and hemoglobin. The median UIC (mUIC) was 194.2 µg/L and Hb was 10.5 g/dL. Even though the mUIC was normal, around 38.2% had insufficient UIC. Significant inverse relationship between UIC and TSH (r = -0.487, p<0.001), Hb and TSH (r = -0.355, p < 0.001), and between TSH and iodine intake (r=-0.476, p<0.001) were observed. It was interesting to observe that those with insufficient UIC were found to have mild anaemia and low FT4 levels and those with excess UIC had lower TSH levels. The pregnant women in the present study were found to have the normal median urinary iodine concentration and were mildly anaemic. Increased attention among pregnant women should be focused on iodine status along with iron status and thyroid functions. Larger comparative studies need to be performed to study the impact of altered iodine status on neonatal outcomes.

scholarly journals Iodine Deficiency in Latvia: Current Status and Need for National Recommendations

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 401-407
Author(s):  
Ilze Konrāde ◽  
Ieva Kalere ◽  
Ieva Strēle ◽  
Marina Makrecka-Kūka ◽  
Vija Veisa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract In the absence of a mandatory salt iodisation programme, two nationwide cross-sectional cluster surveys revealed persisting iodine deficiency among Latvian schoolchildren during the spring season and a noteworthy iodine deficiency in pregnant women in Latvia; these deficiencies warrant intervention. The consequences of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency during pregnancy and lactation can adversely affect foetal brain development. Data from a Latvian population survey revealed the consumption of approximately 100 μg of iodine per day through foods and iodised salt. Therefore, strategies to increase the consumption of iodine-containing products should be implemented, particularly for children. In addition, to meet the increased iodine requirement during pregnancy, pregnant women should take daily supplements containing 150 μg iodine from the earliest time possible. All women of childbearing age should be advised to increase their dietary iodine intake by using iodised table salt and iodine-rich products: seafood, milk and milk products. For women with pre-existing thyroid pathologies, the medical decision should be considered on a case-by-case basis. Urinary iodine concentration monitoring among schoolchildren and pregnant women and neonatal thyrotropin registry analysis every five years would be an appropriate strategy for maintaining iodine intake within the interval that prevents iodine deficiency disorders.

scholarly journals The Reliability of Iodine Concentration in Diaper-Retrieved Infant Urine Using Urine Collection Pads, and in Their Mothers’ Breastmilk

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
Kjersti Sletten Bakken ◽  
Ingvild Oma ◽  
Synne Groufh-Jacobsen ◽  
Beate Stokke Solvik ◽  
Lise Mette Mosand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Cross Sectional

Mild to moderate iodine deficiency is common among women of childbearing age. Data on iodine status in infants are sparse, partly due to the challenges in collecting urine. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) is considered a good marker for recent dietary iodine intake and status in populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of iodine concentration measured in two spot-samples from the same day of diaper-retrieved infant urine and in their mothers’ breastmilk. We collected urine and breastmilk from a sample of 27 infants and 25 mothers participating in a cross-sectional study at two public healthcare clinics in Norway. The reliability of iodine concentration was assessed by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and the coefficient of variation (CV). The ICC for infants’ urine was 0.64 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36–0.82), while the ICC for breastmilk was 0.83 (95% CI 0.65–0.92) Similarly, the intraindividual CV for UIC was 0.25 and 0.14 for breastmilk iodine concentration (BIC). Compared to standard methods of collecting urine for measuring iodine concentration, the diaper-pad collection method does not substantially affect the reliability of the measurements.

scholarly journals Amniotic fluid iodine concentrations do not vary in pregnant women with varying iodine intake

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (6) ◽  
pp. 1178-1181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo García-Fuentes ◽  
Manuel Gallo ◽  
Laureano García ◽  
Stephanie Prieto ◽  
Javier Alcaide-Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
Multivitamin Supplement

Iodine deficiency is an important clinical and public health problem. Its prevention begins with an adequate intake of iodine during pregnancy. International agencies recommend at least 200 μg iodine per d for pregnant women. We assessed whether iodine concentrations in the amniotic fluid of healthy pregnant women are independent of iodine intake. This cross-sectional, non-interventional study included 365 consecutive women who underwent amniocentesis to determine the fetal karyotype. The amniocentesis was performed with abdominal antisepsis using chlorhexidine. The iodine concentration was measured in urine and amniotic fluid. The study variables were the intake of iodized salt and multivitamin supplements or the prescription of a KI supplement. The mean level of urinary iodine was 139·0 (sd94·5) μg/l and of amniotic fluid 15·81 (sd7·09) μg/l. The women who consumed iodized salt and those who took a KI supplement had significantly higher levels of urinary iodine than those who did not (P = 0·01 andP = 0·004, respectively). The urinary iodine levels were not significantly different in the women who took a multivitamin supplement compared with those who did not take this supplement, independently of iodine concentration or multivitamin supplement. The concentrations of iodine in the amniotic fluid were similar, independent of the dietary iodine intake. Urine and amniotic fluid iodine concentrations were weakly correlated, although the amniotic fluid values were no higher in those women taking a KI supplement. KI prescription at recommended doses increases the iodine levels in the mother without influencing the iodine levels in the amniotic fluid.

scholarly journals Dried Blood Spot Thyroglobulin as a Biomarker of Iodine Status in Pregnant Women

2016 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Stinca ◽  
Maria Andersson ◽  
Sandra Weibel ◽  
Isabelle Herter-Aeberli ◽  
Ralph Fingerhut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Reference Range ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Dried Blood Spot ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Blood Spot

Abstract Context: Thyroglobulin (Tg) could be a sensitive biomarker of iodine nutrition in pregnant women (PW). A dried blood spot (DBS) assay would simplify collection and transport in field studies. Objectives: Our aims were to (1) establish and test a reference range for DBS-Tg in PW; (2) determine whether co-measurement of Tg antibodies (Abs) is necessary to define population iodine status. Design, Setting, and Participants: Standardized cross-sectional studies of 3870 PW from 11 countries. For the DBS-Tg reference range, we included TgAb-negative PW (n = 599) from 3 countries with sufficient iodine intake. Main Outcome Measures: We measured the urinary iodine concentration and DBS thyroid-stimulating hormone, total thyroxin, Tg, and TgAb. Results: In the reference population, the median DBS-Tg was 9.2 μg/L (95% confidence interval, 8.7 to 9.8 μg/L) and was not significantly different among trimesters. The reference range was 0.3 to 43.5 μg/L. Over a range of iodine intake, the Tg concentrations were U-shaped. Within countries, the median DBS-Tg and the presence of elevated DBS-Tg did not differ significantly between all PW and PW who were TgAb-negative. Conclusions: A median DBS-Tg of ∼10 μg/L with &lt;3% of values ≥44 μg/L indicated population iodine sufficiency. Concurrent measurement of TgAb did not appear necessary to assess the population iodine status.

scholarly journals Iodine Intake and Thyroid Function in Pregnant Women in a Private Clinical Practice in Northwestern Sydney before Mandatory Fortification of Bread with Iodised Salt

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Blumenthal ◽  
Karen Byth ◽  
Creswell J. Eastman
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Antenatal Visit ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional

Aim. The primary objective of the study was to assess the iodine nutritional status, and its effect on thyroid function, of pregnant women in a private obstetrical practice in Sydney.Methods. It was a cross-sectional study undertaken between November 2007 and March 2009. Blood samples were taken from 367 women at their first antenatal visit between 7 and 11 weeks gestation for measurement of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels and spot urine samples for urinary iodine excretion were taken at the same time as blood collection.Results. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) for all women was 81 μg/l (interquartile range 41–169 μg/l). 71.9% of the women exhibited a UIC of <150 μg/l. 26% of the women had a UIC <50 μg/l, and 12% had a UIC <20 μg/l. The only detectable influences on UIC were daily milk intake and pregnancy supplements. There was no statistically significant association between UIC and thyroid function and no evidence for an effect of iodine intake on thyroid function.Conclusions. There is a high prevalence of mild to moderate iodine deficiency in women in Western Sydney but no evidence for a significant adverse effect on thyroid function. The 6.5% prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is unlikely to be due to iodine deficiency.

scholarly journals Development and validation of an iodine-specific FFQ to estimate iodine intake in Australian pregnant women

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (6) ◽  
pp. 944-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Condo ◽  
Maria Makrides ◽  
Sheila Skeaff ◽  
Shao J. Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Food Record ◽  
Total Iodine ◽  
Supplement Use

Adequate iodine is important during pregnancy to ensure optimal growth and development of the offspring. We validated an iodine-specific FFQ (I-FFQ) for use in Australian pregnant women. A forty-four-item I-FFQ was developed to assess iodine intake from food and was administered to 122 pregnant women at 28 weeks gestation. Iodine supplement use was captured separately at 28 weeks gestation. Correlation between iodine intake from food estimated using the I-FFQ and a 4 d weighed food record as well as correlation between total iodine intake and 24 h urinary iodine excretion (UIE), 24 h urinary iodine concentration (UIC), spot UIC and thyroid function were assessed at 28 weeks gestation. A moderate correlation between the two dietary methods was shown (r0·349,P< 0·001), and it was strengthened with the addition of iodine supplements (r0·876,P< 0·001). There was a fair agreement (k= 0·28,P< 0·001) between the two dietary measures in the classification of women as receiving adequate ( ≥ 160 μg/d) or inadequate ( < 160 μg/d) iodine intake from food, but the limits of agreement from the Bland–Altman plot were large. Total iodine intake was associated with 24 h UIE (β = 0·488,P< 0·001) but not with spot UIC. Iodine intake from food using the I-FFQ was assessed at study entry ( < 20 weeks gestation) in addition to 28 weeks gestation, and there was a strong correlation in iodine intake at the two time points (r0·622,P< 0·001), which indicated good reproducibility. In conclusion, the I-FFQ provides a valid tool for estimating iodine intake in pregnant women and can be used to screen women who are at risk of inadequate intake.

scholarly journals Thyroid stimulating hormone isn’t a sensitive indicator of iodine nutritional status in schoolchildren

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 350
Author(s):  
Renata De Oliveira Campos ◽  
Joaquim Custódio Silva Júnior ◽  
Elton Estrela Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

<p><strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong><em> iodine deficiency </em><em>disorders (IDD)</em><em> </em><em>are most common cause of preventable brain damage, mental retardation and stunted growth in children</em><em> worldwide. Several indicators are complementary to urinary iodine concentration (UIC) for assessing iodine nutritional status, as thyroid size, thyroglobulin (Tg) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations in the blood.</em><strong><em> Objective:</em></strong><em> </em><em>analyze TSH in filter paper blood values and correlate with UIC in schoolchildren from public school at state of Bahia, Brazil</em><em>. <strong>Methodology: </strong></em><em>cross-sectional study was conducted in 880 schoolchildren aged 6-14 years, randomly selected, of public schools in five cities of four micro-regions of Bahia between October 2013 and September 2014. TSH was analyzed in filter-paper blood and UIC were measured by adapted Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. </em><strong><em>Results:</em></strong><em> 880 blood samples on filter-paper were analyzed for TSH. The reference range previously established is 0.72 to 6.0 </em><em>μ</em><em>UI/mL</em><em>. Results of this research TSH dosage ranged from 0.24 </em><em>μ</em><em>IU/L to</em><em> 7.71 </em><em>μ</em><em>IU/L,</em><em> with a mean of 1.01±0.55 </em><em>μ</em><em>UI/L</em><em> and median 0.89 </em><em>μ</em><em>UI/L</em><em>. Only one child presented TSH greater than 6.0 (7.71 </em><em>μ</em><em>IU/L); however, results of urinary iodine were consistent with a more than adequate nutrition iodine (243.70</em><em>μ</em><em>g/L). There’ no correlation between TSH and UIC (r= 0.115; p= 0.002)</em><em>.</em><em> </em><strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong><em>  in the present study, schoolchildren showed low values of TSH, but the mean UIC was indicative of adequate iodine nutrition</em><em>.</em><em></em></p>

scholarly journals Indicators of Iodine Status in Pregnancy and Postpartum in a Group of Pregnant Women from Perimarine Area of Romania

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
Scrinic Olesea ◽  
Delia Corina Elena ◽  
Toma Geanina Mirela ◽  
Circo Eduard
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Urinary Creatinine ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstract Objective: Assessment of iodine nutritional status in pregnant women in the perimarine area of Romania, a region without iodine deficiency. Adequate iodine intake is the main source for normal thyroid function, ensuring the need for maternal thyroid hormones during pregnancy, but also for the development and growth of children in the fetal and postpartum period. Material and method: Prospective study performed on 74 pregnant women in the first 2 trimesters of pregnancy, originating from the perimarin area. The following indicators of iodine status were analyzed: urinary iodine concentration (UIC), the ratio between urinary iodine concentration and urinary creatinine (UIC/UCr), the prevalence of maternal goiter and the value of neonatal TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone). Results: The mean gestational age was 11 weeks. The ways of iodine intake are: iodized salt - 59.4%, iodized salt and iodine supplements- 23%, only iodine supplements -10.8% and 6.8% consume only non-iodized salt. The median of UIC was 133.03 mcg/l considered insufficient iodine intake (normal in pregnancy UIC >150 mcg/l), but the adjustment of UIC to urinary creatinine reveals a median of 152.83 mcg/g, a value that reflects an adequate iodine intake. The prevalence of goiter was 25.6% characteristic for a moderate iodine deficiency. The prevalence of neonatal TSH >5 mIU/L was registered in 18.8% characteristic of mild iodine deficiency. Conclusions: Monitoring of the iodine nutritional status is recommended for the prevention of disorders due to iodine deficiency under the conditions of universal salt iodization. Perimarine areas considered sufficient in iodine may show variations in iodine status in subpopulations under certain physiological conditions, such as pregnancy. An indicator of iodine status of the population is UIC, but the UIC/UCr ratio may be a more optimal indicator for pregnant women, to avoid possible overestimated results of iodine deficiency in pregnancy.

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