scholarly journals The Reliability of Iodine Concentration in Diaper-Retrieved Infant Urine Using Urine Collection Pads, and in Their Mothers’ Breastmilk

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
Kjersti Sletten Bakken ◽  
Ingvild Oma ◽  
Synne Groufh-Jacobsen ◽  
Beate Stokke Solvik ◽  
Lise Mette Mosand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Cross Sectional

Mild to moderate iodine deficiency is common among women of childbearing age. Data on iodine status in infants are sparse, partly due to the challenges in collecting urine. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) is considered a good marker for recent dietary iodine intake and status in populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of iodine concentration measured in two spot-samples from the same day of diaper-retrieved infant urine and in their mothers’ breastmilk. We collected urine and breastmilk from a sample of 27 infants and 25 mothers participating in a cross-sectional study at two public healthcare clinics in Norway. The reliability of iodine concentration was assessed by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and the coefficient of variation (CV). The ICC for infants’ urine was 0.64 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36–0.82), while the ICC for breastmilk was 0.83 (95% CI 0.65–0.92) Similarly, the intraindividual CV for UIC was 0.25 and 0.14 for breastmilk iodine concentration (BIC). Compared to standard methods of collecting urine for measuring iodine concentration, the diaper-pad collection method does not substantially affect the reliability of the measurements.

scholarly journals Asupan Yodium, Ekskresi Yodium Urine, dan Goiter pada Wanita Usia Subur di Daerah Endemis Defisiensi Yodium

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Mutalazimah Mutalazimah ◽  
Budi Mulyono ◽  
Bhisma Murti ◽  
Saifuddin Azwar
Keyword(s):  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Women Of Childbearing Age ◽  
Acid Digestion ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Food Recall

Rendahnya asupan yodium berhubungan dengan ekskresi yodium urine (EYU) yang tidak normal. Asupan yodium yang terlalu rendah juga menyebabkan kelenjar tiroid tidak mampu mempertahankan sekresi hormon yang adekuat sehingga timbul hipertrofi tiroid yang menimbulkan goiter. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji hubungan asupan yodium, EYU, dan goiter pada wanita usia subur (WUS) di daerah endemis defisiensi yodium. Penelitian observasional potong lintang ini dilakukan pada 115 WUS di Kecamatan Prambanan Sleman yang dipilih secara random. Asupan yodium diukur menggunakan metode food recall 24 jam, EYU diukur dengan metode acid digestion, dan goiter diukur dengan cara palpasi. Hubungan antarvariabel dianalisis dengan uji kai kuadrat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan subjek dengan asupan yodium kurang sebanyak 83,5% dan asupan yodium cukup sebanyak 16,5%. Subjek dengan goiter sebanyak 13% dan tanpa goiter sebanyak 87%. Subjek defisiensi yodium sebanyak 15,7% (tingkat berat 2,6%; tingkat sedang 3,5%; tingkat ringan 9,6%), yang normal sebanyak 31,3%, sedangkan yang lebih sebanyak 20,8% dan ekses sebanyak 32,2%. Asupan yodium berhubungan dengan EYU, tetapi goiter tidak berhubungan dengan asupan yodium dan EYU.The low iodine intake, associated with insufficiency of urinary iodine concentration (UIC). Iodine intake is too low, also causes the thyroid gland is unable to maintain adequate hormone secretion, influence the thyroid hypertrophy that causes goitre. This study aimed to examine the relationship of iodine intake, UIC, and goiter on women of childbearing age in endemic areas of iodine deficiency. This cross-sectional observational study was performed 115 randomly selected women of childbearing age at sub-district of Prambanan, Sleman Regency. Iodine intake was measured using 24-hour food recall method, UIC measured by acid digestion method, and goiter measured by palpation method.The association between variables

scholarly journals Association between Urinary Iodine Concentration and Thyroid Nodules in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Hui Sun ◽  
Hanyu Wang ◽  
Xiaolan Lian ◽  
Chao Liu ◽  
Bingyin Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Physical Examinations ◽  
The Relationship

Background. Associations between iodine intake and thyroid nodules (TNs) were not consistent. We aimed to illustrate the relationship between urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and TNs. Methods. A total of 12,698 participants were enrolled in analysis. All of the participants filled out questionnaires and underwent physical examinations, laboratory tests, and thyroid ultrasonography. UIC, serum thyrotropin (TSH), thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb), and thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) were measured in the central laboratory. Results. The prevalence of TNs was 16.00%, and the median UIC was 206.1 μg/L. TNs and UIC were negatively related when UIC was less than 527 μg/L ( adjusted   OR = 0.87 ; 95% CI, 0.80, 0.94), and the relationship between UIC and TNs was not statistically significant when UIC was greater than 527 μg/L ( adjusted   OR = 1.25 ; 95% CI, 0.98, 1.60). In women, UIC was negatively associated with risk for TNs (adjusted OR 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91, 0.99). Conclusion. The relationship between TNs and UIC differed between men and women. The risk of TNs decreased with the elevation of UIC in men when UIC was lower than 527 μg/L, while UIC and the presence of TNs were negatively correlated in women. In the future, cohort studies or other studies that can explain causality must be conducted to explore the relationship between iodine status and TNs.

scholarly journals Iodine Deficiency in Latvia: Current Status and Need for National Recommendations

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 401-407
Author(s):  
Ilze Konrāde ◽  
Ieva Kalere ◽  
Ieva Strēle ◽  
Marina Makrecka-Kūka ◽  
Vija Veisa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract In the absence of a mandatory salt iodisation programme, two nationwide cross-sectional cluster surveys revealed persisting iodine deficiency among Latvian schoolchildren during the spring season and a noteworthy iodine deficiency in pregnant women in Latvia; these deficiencies warrant intervention. The consequences of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency during pregnancy and lactation can adversely affect foetal brain development. Data from a Latvian population survey revealed the consumption of approximately 100 μg of iodine per day through foods and iodised salt. Therefore, strategies to increase the consumption of iodine-containing products should be implemented, particularly for children. In addition, to meet the increased iodine requirement during pregnancy, pregnant women should take daily supplements containing 150 μg iodine from the earliest time possible. All women of childbearing age should be advised to increase their dietary iodine intake by using iodised table salt and iodine-rich products: seafood, milk and milk products. For women with pre-existing thyroid pathologies, the medical decision should be considered on a case-by-case basis. Urinary iodine concentration monitoring among schoolchildren and pregnant women and neonatal thyrotropin registry analysis every five years would be an appropriate strategy for maintaining iodine intake within the interval that prevents iodine deficiency disorders.

scholarly journals Adequate Urinary Iodine Concentration among Infants in the Inland Area of Norway

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1826
Author(s):  
Kjersti Sletten Bakken ◽  
Tonje Eiane Aarsland ◽  
Synne Groufh-Jacobsen ◽  
Beate Stokke Solvik ◽  
Elin Lovise Folven Gjengedal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Breastfed Infants

Considering the importance of iodine to support optimal growth and neurological development of the brain and central nervous system, this study aimed to assess and evaluate iodine status in Norwegian infants. We collected data on dietary intake of iodine, iodine knowledge in mothers, and assessed iodine concentration in mother’s breast milk and in infant’s urine in a cross-sectional study at two public healthcare clinics in the inland area of Norway. In the 130 mother–infant pairs, the estimated infant 24-h median iodine intake was 50 (IQR 31, 78) µg/day. The median infant urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 146 (IQR 93, 250) µg/L and within the recommended median defined by the World Health Organization for this age group. Weaned infants had a higher UIC [210 (IQR 130, 330) µg/L] than exclusively breastfed infants [130 (IQR 78, 210) µg/L] and partially breastfed infants [135 (IQR 89, 250) µg/L], which suggest that the dietary data obtained in this study did not capture the accurate iodine intake of the included infants. The iodine status of infants in the inland area of Norway seemed adequate. Weaned infants had higher UIC compared to breastfed infants, suggesting early access and consumption of other sources of iodine in addition to breast milk.

scholarly journals Factors Associated with Urinary Iodine Concentration among Women of Reproductive Age, 20–49 Years Old, in Tanzania: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Djibril M Ba ◽  
Paddy Ssentongo ◽  
Muzi Na ◽  
Kristen H Kjerulff ◽  
Guodong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated

ABSTRACT Background Universal salt iodization (USI) is the most feasible and cost-effective, and equitable, approach to prevent iodine deficiency. Severe maternal iodine deficiency during pregnancy is associated with serious adverse gestational and birth outcomes. Objectives The aim was to assess iodine status and identify independent factors associated with urinary iodine concentration (UIC) among women of reproductive age in Tanzania. Methods This was a weighted, population-based, cross-sectional study in 2985 women of reproductive age (20–49 y) in Tanzania who participated in the Demographic and Health Surveys in 2015–2016 (DHS 2015–2016) and had measured UIC. Multivariable generalized linear regression was used to identify potential factors that were associated with UIC. Results The median UICs among women consuming inadequately iodized salt (93.6 μg/L; 25th and 75th percentiles: 43.1, 197.9 μg/L) and women in the lowest socioeconomic status (92.3 μg/L; 45.6, 194.4 μg/L) were below the WHO-recommended ranges (≥150 μg/L for pregnant women and ≥100 μg/L for nonpregnant women). The results of multivariable models indicated that pregnant women had 1.21 μg/L lower UIC than nonpregnant women (β = −1.21; 95% CI: −3.42, −0.12), breastfeeding women had 1.02 μg/L lower UIC than nonbreastfeeding women (β = −1.02; 95% CI: −2.25, −0.27), and women with no education had a 1.88 μg/L lower UIC compared with those with secondary/highest education (β = −1.88; 95% CI: −4.58, −0.36). Women consuming inadequately iodized salt had 6.55 μg/L lower UIC than those consuming adequately iodized salt (β = −6.55; 95% CI: −9.24, −4.33). The median UIC varied substantially across geographic zones, ranging from 83.2 μg/L (45.9, 165.3) in the Western region to 347.8 μg/L (185.0, 479.8) in the Eastern region. Conclusions Our findings indicated a great heterogeneity in median UIC across regions of Tanzania among women of reproductive age. Poverty, consuming inadequately iodized salt, and lack of education appeared to be the driving factors for lower UIC in Tanzania.

Saliva Iodine Concentration in Children and Its Association with Iodine Status and Thyroid Function

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (9) ◽  
pp. e3451-e3459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenxing Guo ◽  
Ziyun Pan ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Ya Jin ◽  
Shuyao Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status

Abstract Context The effectiveness of saliva iodine concentration (SIC) in evaluating iodine status in children is not clear. Objective We aimed to explore associations between SIC and assessed indicators of iodine status and thyroid function. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Primary schools in Shandong, China. Participants Local children aged 8 to 13 years with no known thyroid disease were recruited to this study. Main outcome measures Blood, saliva, and urine samples were collected to evaluate thyroid function and iodine status. Results SIC positively correlated with spot urinary iodine concentration (r = 0.29, P < 0.0001), 24-hour urinary iodine concentration (r = 0.35, P < 0.0001), and 24-hour urinary iodine excretion (r = 0.40, P < 0.0001). The prevalence of thyroid nodules (TN) and goiter showed an upward trend with SIC quantiles (P for trend < 0.05). Children with SIC <105 μg/L had a higher risk of insufficient iodine status (OR = 4.18; 95% CI, 2.67-6.56) compared with those with higher SIC. Those having SIC >273 μg/L were associated with greater risks of TN (OR = 2.70; 95% CI, 1.38-5.26) and excessive iodine status (OR = 18.56; 95% CI, 5.66-60.91) than those with lower SIC values. Conclusions There is a good correlation between SIC and urinary iodine concentrations. It is of significant reference value for the diagnosis of iodine deficiency with SIC of less than 105 μg/L and for the diagnosis of iodine excess and TN with SIC of more than 273 μg/L. Given the sanitary nature and convenience of saliva iodine collection, SIC is highly recommended as a good biomarker of recent iodine status in school-aged children.

Current iodine status in Japan: A cross-sectional nationwide survey of schoolchildren, 2014–2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yozen Fuse ◽  
Yoshiya Ito ◽  
Yoshimasa Shishiba ◽  
Minoru Irie
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Cr Concentration

Abstract Context Japan has been regarded as a long-standing iodine sufficient country without iodine fortification; however, data on nationwide iodine status is lacking. Objective This study aimed to characterize the iodine status in Japan. Methods From 2014 through 2019 a nationwide school-based survey was conducted across all districts in Japan. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), creatinine (Cr) concentration and anthropometry were assessed in healthy school-aged children (SAC) aged 6 to 12 years. Their iodine status is regarded as generally representative of the nation's iodine status. Results A total of 32,025 children participated. The overall median UIC was 269 μg/L which was within the WHO’s adequacy range. There was a regional difference in UIC values within 14 regions, and the lowest and highest median UIC were found in Tanegashima Island (209 μg/L) and Nakashibetsu, Hokkaido (1,071 μg/L), respectively. The median UIC ≥ 300 μg/L was observed in 12 out of 46 regions. By using estimated 24-h urinary iodine excretion (UIE), the prevalence of SAC exceeding the upper tolerable limit of iodine for Japanese children was from 5.2 to 13.7%. The UIC values did not change with age, BSA and BMI percentile, while the Cr concentration simultaneously increased suggesting the effect of urinary creatinine on UI/Cr and estimated 24-h UIE values. Conclusions The iodine intake of Japanese people is adequate, but in some areas it is excessive. The incidence and prevalence of thyroid disorders associated with iodine intake should be obtained especially in the areas where high amounts of iodine are consumed.

Hypertension and Salt-Restrictive Diet Promotes Low Urinary Iodine Concentration in High-Risk Pregnant Women: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study Conducted After Salt Iodination Reduction in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 197 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana Sant’Ana Leone de Souza ◽  
Renata de Oliveira Campos ◽  
Vitor dos Santos Alves ◽  
Taíse Lima Oliveira Cerqueira ◽  
Thiago Magalhães da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Restrictive Diet

scholarly journals Mild to Moderate Iodine Deficiency and Inadequate Iodine Intake in Lactating Women in the Inland Area of Norway

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Synne Groufh-Jacobsen ◽  
Lise Mette Mosand ◽  
Ingvild Oma ◽  
Kjersti Sletten Bakken ◽  
Beate Stokke Solvik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Iodine Status

Breastfed infants are dependent on an adequate supply of iodine in human milk for the production of thyroid hormones, necessary for development of the brain. Despite the importance of iodine for infant health, data on Norwegian lactating women are scarce. We measured iodine intake and evaluated iodine status and iodine knowledge among lactating women. From October to December 2018, 133 mother–infant pairs were recruited in a cross-sectional study through two public health care centers in Lillehammer and Gjøvik. Each of the women provided two human milk specimens, which were pooled, and one urine sample for analysis of iodine concentration. We used 24-h dietary recall and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to estimate short-term and habitual iodine intake from food and supplements. The median (P25, P75) human milk iodine concentration (HMIC) was 71 (45, 127) µg/L—of which, 66% had HMIC <100 µg/L. The median (P25, P75) urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 80 µg/L (52, 141). The mean (± SD) 24-h iodine intake and habitual intake was 78 ± 79 µg/day and 75 ± 73 µg/day, respectively. In conclusion, this study confirms inadequate iodine intake and insufficient iodine status among lactating women in the inland area of Norway and medium knowledge awareness about iodine.

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