The Poor as Suppliers of Intellectual Property: A Social Network Approach to Sustainable Poverty Alleviation

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sridevi Shivarajan ◽  
Aravind Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Knowledge Networks ◽  
Global Knowledge ◽  
Property A ◽  
The Poor

ABSTRACT:We extend the Base of the Pyramid (BoP) poverty-alleviation approach by recognizing the poor as valuable suppliers—specifically of intellectual property. Although the poor possess huge reserves of intellectual property, they are unable to participate in global knowledge networks owing to their illiteracy and poverty. This is a crippling form of social exclusion in today’s growing knowledge economy because it adversely affects their capabilities for advancement at several levels. Providing the poor access to global knowledge networks as rightful participants—as suppliers of intellectual property—leads to poverty alleviation as a result of their increased social inclusion, not only through economic benefits, but also through the poor’s improved well-being as a result of their increased self-esteem and dignity. Using concepts from social network theory, we develop a poverty-alleviation approach to harness and integrate the intellectual property of the poor into global knowledge networks through trust-based partnerships among the poor, non-governmental organizations, and multinational corporations.

Social network

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Okello Candiya Bongomin ◽  
John C. Munene ◽  
Joseph Mpeera Ntayi ◽  
Charles Akol Malinga
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Households

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test for the predictive power of each of the dimensions of social network in explaining financial inclusion of the poor in rural Uganda. Design/methodology/approach The study employed a cross-sectional research design and data were collected from a total of 400 poor households located in Northern, Eastern, Central and Western Uganda. The authors adopted ordinary least square hierarchical regression analysis to test for the predictive power of each of the dimensions of social network in explaining financial inclusion of the poor in rural Uganda. The effects were determined by calculating the significant change in coefficient of determination (R2) between the dimensions of social network in explaining financial inclusion. In addition, analysis of variance was also used to test for variation in perceptions of the poor about being financially included. Findings The findings revealed that the dimensions of ties and interaction significantly explain financial inclusion of the poor in rural Uganda. Contrary to previous studies, the results indicated that interdependence as a dimension of social network is not a significant predictor of financial inclusion of the poor in rural Uganda. Combined together, the dimensions of social network explains about 16.6 percent of the variation in financial inclusion of the poor in rural Uganda. Research limitations/implications The study was purely cross-sectional, thus, ignoring longitudinal survey design, which could have investigated certain characteristics of the variable over time. Additionally, although a total sample amounting to 400 poor households was used in the study, the results cannot be generalized since other equally marginalized groups such as the disabled persons, refugees, and immigrants were not included in this study. Furthermore, the study used only the questionnaire to elicit responses from the respondents. The use of interview was ignored during data collection. Practical implications Policy makers, managers of financial institutions, and financial inclusion advocates should consider social network dimensions of ties and interaction as conduits for information flow and sharing among the poor including the women and youth about scarce financial resources like loans. Advocacy towards creation of societal network that brings the poor together in strong and weak ties is very important in scaling up access to and use of scarce financial services for improving economic and social well-being. Originality/value Contrary to previous studies, this particular study test the predictive power of each of the dimensions of social network in explaining financial inclusion of the poor in rural Uganda. Thus, it methodologically isolates the individual contribution of each of the dimensions of social network in explaining financial inclusion of the poor. The authors found that only ties and interaction are significant predictors of financial inclusion of the poor in rural Uganda. Therefore, the findings suggest that not all dimensions of social network are significant predictors of financial inclusion as opposed to previous empirical findings.

scholarly journals Die Globalisierung von Rechten an geistigem Eigentum und der Nord-Süd-Konflikt

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (126) ◽  
pp. 103-125
Author(s):  
Michael Frein
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
World Trade Organisation ◽  
Access To Medicines ◽  
Trips Agreement ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich

The article discusses the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) as an instrument for the globalisation of intellectual property rights. It focuses on the provisions of TRIPs Art 27.3 (b), which contains global rules for the patenting of life, and the question of access to medicines for the poor in developing countries. By analysing the underlying economic and political interests of the industrial countries and multinational corporations, which have formed the provisions of the TRIPs- Agreement, it is argued that higher standards in intellectual property rights, especially patents, advantage the rich and disadvantage the poor. Therefore there is an urgent need to change the TRIPs-Agreement in line with the interests and in favour of developing countries. The article shows that there are several suggestions for the current negotiations made not only by NGOs, but also by governments of developing countries.

scholarly journals THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF MICROFINANCE: CONVENTIONAL VS. ISLAMIC

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amela Trokic ◽  
Eldina Karamustafic ◽  
Velid Efendic
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Client Characteristics ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Islamic Microfinance ◽  
Socioeconomic Benefits

The reduction of poverty and socio-economic development has become a foremost issue in modern society. One approach to improving this was the establishment of microfinance, which has since become an important part of poverty alleviation strategies, but very few studies have considered its benefits based on characteristicsother than poverty. Therefore, this study aims to investigate and determine how different client characteristics affect the way people benefit from the financing provided by microfinance institutions. Data were gathered from the beneficiaries of both conventional and Islamic microfinance using a questionnaire, and then analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis and the Mann–Whitney U tests. The results show how MFI financing benefits clients differently based on certain characteristics, as well as how these socioeconomic benefits differ based on whether the financing is provided by a conventional or an Islamic MFI. Overall, conventional and Islamic MFIs have similar strategies when it comes to providing socio-economic benefits to their clients. However, where they diverge is when client gender is considered, as IMFIs are more likely to benefit women. This research will be beneficial to MFIs in terms of the development of their services, as it will help them identify the strengths and weaknesses of their offerings and how well these are able to assist them in fulfilling their purpose of providing benefit to the poorest of the poor, increasing financial inclusion and contributing to socio-economicdevelopment.

Social network relationships as sources of maternal support and well-being.

1986 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary J. Levitt ◽  
Ruth A. Weber ◽  
M. Cherie Clark
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Maternal Support

Measuring Access of Microfinance on Poverty in India: Towards a Comprehensive Index

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arindam Laha ◽  
Pravat Kumar Kuri
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Comprehensive Index ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Economic Well Being

The outreach of micro-finance programme is considered to be a means enhance the economic well-being among the member means to enhance households through poverty alleviation. A wide cross-country variation in the outreach of micro-finance programme to the poor households is observed in the world. Despite the significant growth of micro-finance institutions and its active borrowers, the penetration of micro-finance lending services to the poor households in India is observed to be limited. In addition, there is a wide inter-state disparity in the achievement of micro-finance outreach in India especially among the poor households. A composite index has been constructed using the penetration, availability and usage indicators of micro-finance outreach to examine the interstate variations in the level of its achievement. Subsequently, attempt has been made to analyse the role of micro-finance in alleviating poverty across the states of India. The result shows that out of 27 states and Union Territories, only in seven states (Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Tripura, and Karnataka) outreach of micro-finance programme has made a significant impact on the reduction of poverty.

Comparing the social networks of service users with long term mental health needs living in community with those in a general adult in-patient unit

2021 ◽  
pp. 002076402110175
Author(s):  
Roberto Rusca ◽  
Ike-Foster Onwuchekwa ◽  
Catherine Kinane ◽  
Douglas MacInnes
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Patient Group ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Practical Support ◽  
The Social

Background: Relationships are vital to recovery however, there is uncertainty whether users have different types of social networks in different mental health settings and how these networks may impact on users’ wellbeing. Aims: To compare the social networks of people with long-term mental illness in the community with those of people in a general adult in-patient unit. Method: A sample of general adult in-patients with enduring mental health problems, aged between 18 and 65, was compared with a similar sample attending a general adult psychiatric clinic. A cross-sectional survey collected demographic data and information about participants’ social networks. Participants also completed the Short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale to examine well-being and the Significant Others Scale to explore their social network support. Results: The study recruited 53 participants (25 living in the community and 28 current in-patients) with 339 named as important members of their social networks. Both groups recorded low numbers in their social networks though the community sample had a significantly greater number of social contacts (7.4 vs. 5.4), more monthly contacts with members of their network and significantly higher levels of social media use. The in-patient group reported greater levels of emotional and practical support from their network. Conclusions: People with serious and enduring mental health problems living in the community had a significantly greater number of people in their social network than those who were in-patients while the in-patient group reported greater levels of emotional and practical support from their network. Recommendations for future work have been made.

scholarly journals Majority and popularity effects on norm formation in adolescence

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana da Silva Pinho ◽  
Lucas Molleman ◽  
Barbara R. Braams ◽  
Wouter van den Bos
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Peer Norms ◽  
Marked Influence ◽  
Personal Norms ◽  
Normative Evaluation ◽  
Adolescent Risk ◽  
Prosocial Behaviours

AbstractPersonal norms consist of individuals’ attitudes about the appropriateness of behaviour. These norms guide adolescents’ behaviour in countless domains that are fundamental for their social functioning and well-being. Peers are known to have a marked influence on adolescent risk-taking and prosocial behaviour, but little is known about how peers shape personal norms underlying those behaviours. Here we show that adolescents’ personal norms are decisively moulded by the norms of the majority and popular peers in their social network. Our experiment indicates that observing peer norms substantially impacts adolescents’ normative evaluation of risk-taking and prosocial behaviours. The majority norm had a stronger impact than the norm of a single popular peer, and norm adjustments were largest when adolescents observed strong disapproval of risk-taking or strong approval of prosocial behaviour. Our study suggests that learning about peer norms likely promotes adolescents to hold views and values supporting socially desirable behaviour.

scholarly journals Digital detox: An effective solution in the smartphone era? A systematic literature review

2021 ◽  
pp. 205015792110286
Author(s):  
Theda Radtke ◽  
Theresa Apel ◽  
Konstantin Schenkel ◽  
Jan Keller ◽  
Eike von Lindern
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Instant Messaging ◽  
Social Network Sites ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Smartphone Use ◽  
Health And Well Being ◽  
Digital Detox

Smartphone use, e.g., on social network sites or instant messaging, can impair well-being and is related to clinical phenomena, like depression. Digital detox interventions have been suggested as a solution to reduce negative impacts from smartphone use on outcomes like well-being or social relationships. Digital detox is defined as timeouts from using electronic devices (e.g., smartphones), either completely or for specific subsets of smartphone use. However, until now, it has been unclear whether digital detox interventions are effective at promoting a healthy way of life in the digital era. This systematic literature review aimed to answer the question of whether digital detox interventions are effective at improving outcomes like health and well-being, social relationships, self-control or performance. Systematic searches of seven databases were carried out according to PRISMA guidelines, and intervention studies were extracted that examined timeouts from smartphone use and/or smartphone-related use of social network sites and instant messaging. The review yielded k = 21 extracted studies (total N = 3,625 participants). The studies included interventions in the field, from which 12 were identified as randomized controlled trials. The results showed that the effects from digital detox interventions varied across studies on health and well-being, social relationships, self-control, or performance. For example, some studies found positive intervention effects, whereas others found no effect or even negative consequences for well-being. Reasons for these mixed findings are discussed. Research is needed to examine mechanisms of change to derive implications for the development of successful digital detox interventions.

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