Improving Family Health Climate, Effect of Role Modeling and Maternal Support in Female Student

Introduction: Girls can use their mothers emotional, informational and behavioral support to perform healthy behaviors due to their constant access to their mothers. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of role modeling and maternal support in the family to improve healthy behaviors and perceived Family Health Climate (FHC) in female students.Methods: In this quasi-experimental study 261 female students (133 in intervention group and 128 in control group) and 223 mothers (109 intervention and 114 control) were selected, using cluster multi-stages sampling method and entered the study. Participants completed the FHC scale at three stages (Before intervention, immediately after the intervention and two month after intervention). A training programme which comprised 12 sessions for students and 6 sessions for their mothers using collaborative learning techniques and printed materials was conducted with the experimental group. Data were analyzed using SPSS20 via chi-square test, independent t-test, and Repeated Measures ANOVA at significance level of 0.05.Results: Before the intervention, there was no significant difference between demographic variables and the score of FHC scale in both groups (p<0.05). Immediately and two months after the intervention, the experimental group (female students and their mothers) showed a significant increase in dimensions of FHC including FHC-NU and FHC-PA (their subscales) compared to the control group (p<0.05).Conclusions: Educating and informing mothers about their role model defects for their children, especially girls, can make them more aware of health-oriented behaviors towards their children. Such findings reinforced the importance of focusing on actions to encourage a healthy lifestyle (healthy diet and physical activity) in students with a focus on role modeling and parental support, especially mothers.

DUKUNGAN IBU DALAM MENSTRUAL HYGIENE PADA REMAJA TUNAGRAHITA

Background: The role of parents is very influential in determining how the health of children in the future. Mothers may take on a larger role than fathers, especially in daughter development, due to gender similarities and past experiences. As with the problem of menstruation, it is certain that the mother has more experience than the father. The first menstruation usually occurs in the age range of 10-16 years or in early adolescence in the middle of puberty before entering the reproductive period. Objective: To determine the description of maternal support for mentally retarded adolescents in dealing with menstruation. Method: This research uses descriptive analytical research method, which is a research method conducted to create an objective picture or description of a situation. The sample in this study were mothers with mentally retarded adolescent children. The sampling technique used is total sampling. Results: Emotional support for menstrual hygiene in mentally retarded children is in the good category of 50% and 50% sufficient. Apprecition support for menstrual hygiene in mentally retarded children is in the sufficient category (57.1%). Instrumental support for menstrual hygiene in mentally retarded children is in the sufficient category (85.7%). Informational support for menstrual hygiene in mentally retarded children is in the sufficient category (71.4%). Conclusion: The aspects contained in the social support of menstrual hygiene from the mother, namely informational support, appreciation support, instrumental support, and emotional support play a significant role in influencing menstrual hygiene behavior. Keywords: maternal support, menstrual hygiene, mental retardation

Paternal and maternal support of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in children on weekdays and weekends: a cross-sectional study

Background Most studies of associations between parental support behaviours for physical activity (PA) and children’s moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) have been conducted in developed countries, and they have focused on maternal or parental support behaviours. Children’s MVPA time (i.e., weekdays vs. weekends) has not been adequately differentiated. This paper investigated the associations of paternal and maternal support behaviours for PA with the proportion of children who met the MVPA recommendations on weekdays and weekends in China. Methods Cross-sectional data of 517 father–child dyads and 1422 mother–child dyads were analysed. The children recorded PA diaries on 7 consecutive days to assess their MVPA time. The father or mother completed a questionnaire concerning their support for children’s PA. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the independent effects of paternal and maternal support behaviours for PA on whether children met the MVPA recommendations for weekdays, weekends, and the whole week. Results Significantly fewer children met the MVPA recommendations on weekends (37.8%) than on weekdays (62.8%). Higher paternal (odds ratio [OR] = 1.098, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.009–1.195) and maternal (OR = 1.076, 95% CI: 1.021–1.134) total support behaviour scores were associated with higher odds of children meeting the MVPA recommendations on weekends, after controlling for covariates. Paternal PA knowledge-sharing with the child was positively associated with children meeting the MVPA recommendations on weekends (OR = 1.319, 95% CI: 1.055–1.649); it tended to be associated with children meeting the MVPA recommendations on weekdays and throughout the week, although these associations were not statistically significant. Maternal reservation of PA time for the child was positively associated with a higher likelihood of children meeting the MVPA recommendations on weekdays (OR = 1.160, 95% CI: 1.025–1.313), weekends (OR = 1.241, 95% CI: 1.097–1.403), and throughout the week (OR = 1.214, 95% CI: 1.076–1.369). Conclusions Paternal and maternal support behaviours for PA should be enhanced on weekends to increase children’s MVPA. Fathers should share PA knowledge with children and mothers should reserve PA time for children every day.

State Attachment Variability: Between- and within-Person Level Associations with Trait Attachment and Psychological Problems

Research suggests that inter-individual differences in the degree of state attachment variability are related to differences in trait attachment and psychological problems between children. In this study, we tested whether such associations are also relevant at a within-person level, and if so, whether intra-individual fluctuations in the degree of variability were predictive of or predicted by intra-individual fluctuations in trait attachment and psychological problems. Children (N = 152; Mage = 10.41 years, SDage = 0.60 at time 1) were tested three times over a period of one year. At each timepoint, children reported on their expectations of maternal support in different distressing situations. Additionally, we administered measures of trait attachment to children and psychological problems to children and their mothers. We used Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Models to distinguish between-person from within-person associations between these constructs over time. The results revealed that the degree of state attachment variability was mainly relevant to understand differences between children in trait attachment and psychological problems: children who overall showed more state attachment variability were overall less securely attached at a trait-level and reported more psychological problems. Although evidence for within-person associations was less robust, there was some indication that the degree of state attachment variability might be related to the development of trust and psychological problems at a within-person level.

Collapse in Fertility

Chapter 7 explores the links between precipitous declines in fertility rates in most countries and the economic, social, and psychosocial changes associated with transition. It shows how the transitional recession introduced a new level of economic uncertainty in postsocialist society, a major factor in family planning. The chapter describes how institutional and social changes influenced women’s individual decisions to delay or forgo childbearing altogether. It also shows how the elimination of robust state incentives for childbearing after 1989 altered the incentive structure for parenthood, while the privatization of child care and kindergartens, key maternal support structures, led to the closure of many. The implosion of maternal support structures, coupled with “refamilization” plans initiated by many postsocialist governments, pushed women out of the workforce, often depriving families of the resources to have a second child. This chapter also cites the growth of individualism and out-migration of young people as key factors for the decrease in fertility rates.