Knowledge and Luck

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-78
Author(s):  
Alexey Z. Chernyak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Luck ◽  
Propositional Knowledge ◽  
Wishful Thinking ◽  
The Core ◽  
Justified Belief ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Famous Paper ◽  
Veritic Luck ◽  
Contemporary Epistemology

There is a widely shared belief in contemporary epistemology that propositional knowledge is incompatible with certain kinds of luck, most of all with so called veritic luck. A subject is veritically lucky in his or her belief that p if this belief is true not due to its foundations (for example, reasons which an agent has to believe that p) but by mere accident. The acceptance of the thesis of incompatibility of knowledge with this kind of luck led to significant modifications of a popular modern epistemological tripartite analysis of propositional knowledge according to which subject knows that p if and only if he or she believes that p is true, p is actually true, and an agent’s belief that p is true is justified. In his famous paper “Is True Justified Belief Knowledge” E. Gettier demonstrated that true justified belief may not be knowledge. The core of the problem is that in the cases described by Gettier and the like an agent’s belief, though justified, is true by accident. This gave rise to a set of theories introducing additional conditions of knowledge which could exclude veritic luck. In this paper the author critically discusses main modifications of the tripartite concept of knowledge aimed at making it independent on veritic luck, and show that they are unable to solve this problem. He agrees with those who think that the very thesis of incompatibility of knowledge with veritic luck is wrong. But he disagrees that all kinds of veritic luck are compatible with knowledge: the author supposes that good veritic luck is compatible with knowledge only when it compensates some negative effect of antecedent bad epistemic luck. According to this view original Gettier examples are not cases of knowledge whereas broken-clocks case and fake-barns case are. This account allows treating many classic cases of dependence of knowledge on luck as cases of knowledge-acquirement, but in the same time it excludes the inclusion into the class of knowledge such intuitively irrelevant outcomes as lucky guess and wishful thinking.

Virtue Epistemology as Anti-luck Epistemology

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 77-94
Author(s):  
Alexey Z. Chernyak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Virtue Epistemology ◽  
Propositional Knowledge ◽  
General Study ◽  
Intellectual Virtues ◽  
Mental Attitude ◽  
Justified Belief ◽  
The Status ◽  
Veritic Luck ◽  
Contemporary Epistemology

The idea that knowledge as an individual mental attitude with certain propositional content is not only true justified belief but a belief the truth of which does not result from any kind of luck, is widely spread in contemporary epistemology. This account is known as anti-luck epistemology. A very popular explanation of the inconsistency of that concept of knowledge with the luck-dependent nature of truth (so called veritic luck taking place when a subject’s belief could not be true if not by mere coincidence) presumes that the status of propositional knowledge crucially depends on the qualities of actions that result in the corresponding belief, or processes backing them, which reflect the socalled intellectual virtues mainly responsible for subject’s relevant competences. This account known as Virtue Epistemology presumes that if a belief is true exclusively or mainly due to its dependence on intellectual virtues, it just cannot be true by luck, hence no place for lucky knowledge. But this thesis is hard to prove given the existence of true virtuous beliefs which could nevertheless be false if not for some lucky (for the knower) accident. This led to an appearance of virtue epistemological theories aimed specifically at an assimilation of such cases. Their authors try to represent the relevant situations as such where the contribution of luck is not crucial whereas the contribution of virtues is crucial. This article provides a critical analysis of the corresponding arguments as part of a more general study of the ability of Virtue Epistemology to provide justification for the thesis of incompatibility of propositional knowledge with veritic luck. It is shown that there are good reasons to doubt that Virtue Epistemology can do this.

Is all knowledge prepositional?

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
Miroslava Andjelkovic
Keyword(s):  
Propositional Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Infinite Regress ◽  
Important Distinction ◽  
Knowing How ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
Contemporary Epistemology

This paper deals with a criticism of Ryle's claim that the so called Intellectualist legend leads to an infinite regress. Critics have attempted to show that Ryle's argument cannot even get off the ground since its two basic premises cannot be true at the same time. In the paper I argue that this objection is based on a misinterpretation of Ryle's argumentation, which is complex and consists of two arguments, not of a single one as it is claimed. One of Ryle's argument attacks the thesis that an intelligent act is an indirect result of propositional knowledge, while the other, which I call the Asymmetry argument, claims that not every manifestation of knowledge that is accompanied with the manifestation of knowing how. In the paper I argue that both Ryle's arguments are valid and resistant to recent critique so it can be said that Ryle's distinction between knowledge that and knowing how is still an important distinction within contemporary epistemology.

Ageing of climbing ropes with and without hydrophobic coating

2021 ◽  
pp. 175433712110628
Author(s):  
Daniel Sedláček ◽  
Martina Roso ◽  
Leano Viel ◽  
Nicola Perotto ◽  
Barnaby Caven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Radial Pressure ◽  
Polyamide 6 ◽  
Drop Test ◽  
Maximum Force ◽  
Breaking Force ◽  
Hydrophobic Coating ◽  
The Core ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Static Tensile

The effects of 4 months of weather exposure on the ageing of dynamic climbing ropes made of polyamide 6 were studied and differences between ropes with and without hydrophobic coating were examined. The polyamide degradation of the rope yarns was studied using infrared spectroscopy and a quasi-static tensile test. The number of falls to failure and the maximum force on the climber in a fall were evaluated with a drop test according to the UIAA 101 standard. Moreover, changes in the length of the ropes due to weathering were measured. The following results were found. After 4 months of weathering, sheath yarns of the coated rope showed a greater decrease in breaking force than those of the uncoated rope, which might be due to reactions of polyamide with radicals formed during the photo-induced oxidation of the coating. In contrast, the core yarns from the uncoated rope showed a greater decrease in breaking force than those from the coated rope, probably due to prolonged exposure of the uncoated core to water with possibly dissolved atmospheric acids. Furthermore, the decrease in the number of falls to failure was greater in the uncoated than in the coated rope. This difference was explained by a mechanism of changes in radial pressure of the sheath on the core. Regarding the maximum force on the climber, no significant changes due to ageing were observed during the drop test. Thus, it was concluded that 4 months of weather exposure do not pose a safety risk for climbing ropes, but the negative effect of coating on the ageing of polyamide might be detrimental when it comes to static personal safety equipment, such as slings or accessory cords.

scholarly journals Analisis Penerimaan Core Banking System Berbasis Technology Readiness an Acceptance Model pada BPRS Bangun Drajat Warga di DIY (Analysis of Acceptance of Banking System Based on Technology Readiness and Acceptance Model in BPRS Bangun Drajat Warga at DIY)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Sindu Rifai ◽  
Salamatun Asakdiyah ◽  
Rai Rake Setyawan
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Technology Readiness ◽  
The Core ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Acceptance Model ◽  
Survey Approach ◽  
Special Region

The purpose of this study is to analyze the acceptance of the core banking system based on technology readiness and acceptance model on Bank Pembiayaan Rakyat Syariah Bangun Drajat Warga in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Constructions used are optimism, innovativeness, discomfort, insecurity, easy of use and usefulness. This research method uses quantitative with a survey approach. The results of the study show that constructs of optimism and discomfort have a positive and significant effect on the perception of benefits and convenience in using the Core Banking System. The innovativeness construct has a positive and significant effect on the perception of the benefits of the core banking system, but for users, it has a negative effect and does not significantly influence the perception of ease of use of the Core Banking System. Insecurity, easy of use and usefulness constructs shows that there is no positive and significant influence on the perception of benefits and convenience in using the Core Banking System. 

Epistemic Luck

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Broncano-Berrocal ◽  
J. Adam Carter
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Luck ◽  
Propositional Knowledge ◽  
Cognitive Success ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

In almost any domain of endeavour, successes can be attained through skill, but also by dumb luck. An archer’s wildest shots occasionally hit the target. Against enormous odds, some fair lottery tickets happen to win. The same goes in the case of purely cognitive or intellectual endeavours. As inquirers, we characteristically aim to believe truly rather than falsely, and to attain such standings as knowledge and understanding. Sometimes such aims are attained with commendable competence, but of course, not always. Epistemic luck is a species of luck which features in circumstances where a given cognitive success – in the broadest sense, some form of cognitive contact with reality – is attained in a manner that is (in some to-be-specified sense) interestingly lucky – viz., chancy, accidental or beyond our control. In the paradigmatic case, this involves the formation of a belief that is luckily true, and where the subject plausibly deserves little credit for having got things right. Although the literature on epistemic luck has focused predominantly on the relationship between luck and propositional knowledge – which is widely taken to (in some sense) exclude luck – epistemologists are increasingly exploring the compatibility of epistemic luck with other kinds of epistemic standings, such as knowledge-how and understanding.

A Contextualist Solution to the Gettier Problem

2005 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Douven
Keyword(s):  
True Belief ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Epistemic Luck ◽  
Gettier Cases ◽  
Gettier Problem ◽  
Justified Belief ◽  
Benign Nature ◽  
Epistemic Duty ◽  
Contextualist Solution ◽  
The Gettier Problem

According to the deontological view on justification, being justified in believing some proposition is a matter of having done one's epistemic duty with respect to that proposition. The present paper argues that, given a proper articulation of the deontological view, it is defensible that knowledge is justified true belief, virtually all epistemologists since Gettier. One important claim to be argued for is that once it is appreciated that it depends on contextual factors whether a person has done her epistemic duty with respect to a given proposition, many so-called Gettier cases, which are supposed to be cases of justified true belief that are not cases of knowledge, will be seen to be not really cases of justified belief after all. A second important claim is that the remaining alleged Gettier cases can be qualified as cases of knowledge. This requires that we countenance a notion of epistemic luck, but the requisite kind of luck is of a quite benign nature.

scholarly journals Tukuh Ciburuy: Sebuah Kajian Étnografi

LOKABASA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Rini Sri Indriani
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Wishful Thinking ◽  
West Java ◽  
The People ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Cultural Data

This research is an ethnographic study to collect cultural data from an ethnic or unique community in Kabuyutan Ciburuy, Kabupaten Garut, West Java Province. Qualitative analysis was carried out to understand Tukuh Ciburuy terminology as revealed by experts or communities outside of Kabuyutan Ciburuy. Whereas documentation and description were used to reveal various customs, taliparanti, or habits in Kabuyutan Ciburuy that represent the attitude or view of the people of Kabuyutan Ciburuy. Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that in the Kabuyutan Ciburuy tradition, Tukuh Ciburuy means stick to the rules and implement it regularly. Tukuh Ciburuy manifested by Kabuyutan Ciburuy people and Ciburuy Village is in several ways such as in Pantangan and Seba ceremonies. In Kabuyutan Ciburuy tradition, Pantangan is manifested in activities or things that formally prohibit to be done by its society (taboo). These prohibitions have to be obeyed. If it is violated, it is believed that there will be a disaster for the person did it. The Seba ceremony is carried out by holding on the belief that the ceremony was considered an obligatory by the people of Kabuyutan Ciburuy. This belief is based on the assumption of wishful thinking that strong and magical phenomena will arise. If it is obeyed it will avoid the unwanted disaster. Conversely, if it is not fulfilled it will have a negative effect on Ciburuy people daily life.AbstrakPenelitian ini adalah sebuah penelitian etnografi untuk mengumpulkan data kebudayaan sebuah masyarakat etnik atau unik di Kabuyutan Ciburuy, Kabupaten Garut, Provinsi Jawa Barat. Analisis kualitatif dilaksanakan untuk memahami istilah tukuh Ciburuy sebagaimana diungkap oleh para ahli atau masyarakat di luar Kabuyutan Ciburuy. Sedangkan dokumentasi dan deskripsi digunakan untuk mengungkap berbagai adat, tali paranti, atau kebiasaan di Kabuyutan Ciburuy yang merepresentasikan sikap atau pandangan masyarakat Kabuyutan Ciburuy. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa dalam tradisi Kabuyutan Ciburuy, tukuh Ciburuy  bermakna teguh terhadap aturan-aturan yang harus dilaksanakan secara rutin. Tukuh Ciburuy oleh masyarakat Kabuyutan Ciburuy dan Kampung Ciburuy diwujudkan dalam beberapa hal seperti pantangan dan upacara seba. Dalam tradisi Kabuyutan Ciburuy, pantangan diwujudkan dalam kegiatan-kegiatan atau hal-hal yang tidak boleh dilakukan oleh masyarakatnya. Pantangan-pantangan tersebut tidak boleh dilanggar. Jika dilanggar, dipercaya akan terjadi musibah terhadap orang yang melanggarnya. Upacara seba dilaksankan oleh masyarakat Ciburuy dengan berpegangan pada keyakinan bahwa upacara tradisi dianggap wajib dilaksanakan oleh masyarakat Kabuyutan Ciburuy. Hal tersebut diyakini dengan anggapan bahwa akan timbul hal-hal yang bersipat kuat dan magis. Jika dilaksankan, akan terhindar pula dari berbagai hal yang tidak diinginkan. Sebaliknya, jika tidak dilaksanakan akan menimbulkan akibat buruk bagi kehidupan sehari-hari masyarakat Ciburuy.

Striking at the Core

2020 ◽  
pp. 380-398
Author(s):  
Frank Jake Kachanoff ◽  
Michael J. A. Wohl ◽  
Donald M. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Self Determination Theory ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Integrated Model ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
The Core ◽  
Victim Group ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Personal Level

This chapter presents an integrated model of psychological needs among victimized groups, building on self-determination theory. Extending the model of needs-based reconciliation and other work on needs among victim groups, the authors posit that collective victimization frustrates basic needs for relatedness, competence, and autonomy. They review empirical findings showing that the frustration of these needs on the collective level frustrates related needs on the personal level as well, and in turn have a negative effect on psychological well-being and willingness for reconciliation. The chapter focuses in particular on collective autonomy, which is central to many experiences of collective victimization as well as reconciliation attempts. In order to increase victim group members’ willingness to reconcile, it is important to take into consideration all three needs identified in this model and present apologies and other steps toward reconciliation in a way that satisfies these needs.

scholarly journals Incentives Can’t Buy Me Knowledge: The Missing Effects of Appreciation and Aligned Performance Appraisals on Knowledge Sharing of Public Employees

2021 ◽  
pp. 0734371X2098683
Author(s):  
Caroline Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Performance Appraisals ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Organizational Practice ◽  
Factorial Survey ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Public Employees ◽  
The Core ◽  
Negative Effect

This study examines whether incentives affect public employees’ intention to share knowledge. Tested incentives satisfy needs for either achievement or appreciation. Both treatments were tested on implicit as well as explicit knowledge sharing. A 2 × 3 factorial survey experiment was designed to observe within-person and between-person effects. Data were collected from public employees in the core administration and healthcare sector ( n = 623) in 2018. The analysis indicates that both treatments positively affect knowledge-sharing intention if it is explicit knowledge that ought to be shared. However, no effects of either treatment can be found in either type of knowledge sharing. No negative effect of the tested incentives on knowledge sharing was observed. Hence, incentives might not harm knowledge sharing but also do not pay off in organizational practice. In contrast to these motivation-enhancing human resource practices, ability and opportunity-enhancing practices should be tested to foster knowledge sharing.

scholarly journals Incentives can't buy me knowledge: The missing effects of appreciation and aligned performance appraisals on knowledge sharing of public employees

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Performance Appraisals ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Organizational Practice ◽  
Factorial Survey ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Public Employees ◽  
The Core ◽  
Negative Effect

This study examines whether incentives affect public employees' intention to share knowledge. Tested incentives satisfy needs for either achievement or appreciation. Both treatments were tested on implicit as well as explicit knowledge sharing. A 2x3 factorial survey experiment was designed to observe within-person and between-person effects. Data were collected from public employees in the core administration and healthcare sector (n=623) in 2018. The analysis indicates that both treatments positively affect knowledge-sharing intention if it is explicit knowledge that ought to be shared. However, no effects of either treatment can be found in either type of knowledge sharing. No negative effect of the tested incentives on knowledge sharing was observed. Hence, incentives might not harm knowledge sharing but also do not pay off in organizational practice. In contrast to these motivation-enhancing human resource practices, ability and opportunity-enhancing practices should be tested to foster knowledge sharing.

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