Vigor and Growth Responses of Sugar Maple and Yellow Birch Seedlings According to Different Competing Vegetation Types and Fabric Shelter Use

We examined how elevated CO2 affected the growth of seven co-occurring tree species: American beech (Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh.), paper birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh.), black cherry (Prunusserotina Ehrh.), white pine (Pinusstrobus L.), red maple (Acerrubrum L.), sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.), and eastern hemlock (Tsugacanadensis (L.) Carr). We also tested whether the degree of shade tolerance of species and the age of seedlings affected plant responses to enhanced CO2 levels. Seedlings that were at least 1 year old, for all species except beech, were removed while dormant from Harvard Forest, Petersham, Massachusetts. Seeds of red maple and paper birch were obtained from parent trees at Harvard Forest, and seeds of American beech were obtained from a population of beeches in Nova Scotia. Seedlings and transplants were grown in one of four plant growth chambers for 60 d (beech, paper birch, red maple, black cherry) or 100 d (white pine, hemlock, sugar maple) under CO2 levels of 400 or 700 μL•L−1. Plants were then harvested for biomass and growth determinations. The results showed that the biomass of beech, paper birch, black cherry, sugar maple, and hemlock significantly increased in elevated CO2, but the biomass of red maple and white pine only marginally increased in these conditions. Furthermore, there were large differences in the magnitude of growth enhancement by increased levels of CO2 between species, so it seems reasonable to predict that one consequence of rising levels of CO2 may be to increase the competitive ability of some species relative to others. Additionally, the three species exhibiting the largest increase in growth with increased CO2 concentrations were the shade-tolerant species (i.e., beech, sugar maple, and hemlock). Thus, elevated CO2 levels may enhance the growth of relatively shade-tolerant forest trees to a greater extent than growth of shade-intolerant trees, at least under the light and nutrient conditions of this experiment. We found no evidence to suggest that the age of tree seedlings greatly affected their response to elevated CO2 concentrations.

Download Full-text

Coupes par bandes dans des peuplements de feuillus—Résultats après 14 ans

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc61229-3 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 61 (3) ◽

pp. 229-232 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jean-Louis Boivin

Keyword(s):

Main Part ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Yellow Birch ◽

River Watershed ◽

The Future ◽

Analysis Of Results ◽

Mature Stands ◽

Regeneration Study

Clearcutting of 20, 40 and 60 m wide strips was done in 1970 in Malakoff township, in the lower part of the Dumoine river watershed. A regeneration study took place in 1984.Analysis of results shows that the strips are well regenerated. The proportion of yellow birch grows with the width of the strips, that is, from 20 to60 m. To this effect strips of 60 m seem to be better for regenerating yellow birch but the future of this species seems to be better ensured in 40-m-wide strips.Yellow birch and sugar maple constitute the main part of the actual stands. If treatment is done and if observed trends persist, yellow birch should account for 21, 26 and 44% of the stems in mature stands of the 20-, 40- and 60-m strips respectively. With treatment, the presence of yellow birch could be increased to nearly 48%.

Download Full-text

Exploring the Recruitment Dynamics of Sugar Maple and Yellow Birch Saplings into Merchantable Stems Following Harvesting in the Acadian Forest Region of New Brunswick, Canada

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/cjfr-2021-0226 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alex Noel ◽

Jules Comeau ◽

Salah-Eddine El Adlouni ◽

Gaetan Pelletier ◽

Marie-Andrée Giroux

Keyword(s):

New Brunswick ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Basal Area ◽

Stem Density ◽

Yellow Birch ◽

Probability Of Occurrence ◽

Silvicultural Treatment ◽

Forest Region ◽

Wide Range ◽

Acadian Forest

The recruitment of saplings in forest stands into merchantable stems is a very complex process, thus making it challenging to understand and predict. The recruitment dynamics in the Acadian Forest Region of New Brunswick are not well known or documented. Our objective was to draw an inference from existing large scale routine forest inventories as to the different dynamics behind the recruitment from the sapling layer into the commercial tree size layer in terms of density and occurrence of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) following harvesting, by looking at many factors on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales using models. Results suggest that the variation in density and probability of occurrence is best explained by the intensity of silvicultural treatment, by the merchantable stem density in each plot, and by the proportion of merchantable basal area of each group of species. The number of recruits of sugar maple and yellow birch stems tend be higher when time since last treatment increases, when mid to low levels of silvicultural treatment intensity were implemented, and within plots having intermediate levels of merchantable stem density. Lastly, our modeling efforts suggest that the probability of occurrence and density of recruitment of both species tend to increase while its share of merchantable basal area increases.

Download Full-text

Heating time simulation for frozen Canadian wood species by 3D hybrid finite element enthalpy: aspen, white birch, yellow birch and sugar maple

European Journal of Wood and Wood Products ◽

10.1007/s00107-021-01749-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

F. Erchiqui ◽

N. Amorri

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Wood Species ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Heating Time ◽

White Birch ◽

Yellow Birch ◽

Hybrid Finite Element ◽

Time Simulation

Download Full-text

Sap yields, sugar content, and soluble carbohydrates of saps and syrups of some Canadian birch and maple species

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x87-044 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 263-266 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

A. R. C. Jones ◽

I. Alli

Keyword(s):

Sap Flow ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Red Maple ◽

White Birch ◽

Yellow Birch ◽

Total Carbohydrate ◽

Total Carbohydrate Content ◽

Maple Sap

During the spring of 1984 and 1985, white birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh), sweet birch (B. lenta L), and yellow birch (B. alleghaniensis Britt.) were tapped to determine sap yields and syrup characteristics. These properties were compared with sap yields and syrup produced from sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh) and red maple (A. rubrum L). The sap flow seasons were as follows: white birch, 23 days (April 7–29, 1984) and 29 days (April 5 – May 3, 1985); sweet birch, 26 days (1984); yellow birch, 25 days (1985). The sap flow season for the maple species was much earlier than the birch species. Maple sap flow seasons were as follows: sugar maple, 16 days (March 28 – April 12, 1984) and 45 days (March 10 – April 23, 1985); red maple, 44 days (March 11 – April 23, 1985). Sap yields were as follows: white birch, 80.5 L in 1984 (1.0% sap) 51.0 L in 1985 (1.0% sap); sweet birch, 48.0 L in 1984 (0.5% sap); yellow birch, 28.4 L in 1985 (0.5% sap); red maple, 30.6 L in 1985 (2.3% sap); sugar maple, 53.5 L in 1985 (4.5% sap). Sap analyses showed the average total carbohydrate content of all birch saps and all maple saps was 9.2 and 24.5 g/L, respectively. The average sugar contents of the syrups from the birch saps and the maple saps were 302 and 711 g/L, respectively. The average pH of birch and maple saps were similar but the average pH of the syrups obtained from the birch saps was substantially lower than that of the syrups obtained from the maple saps.

Download Full-text

Tolerant hardwood natural regeneration 15 years after various silvicultural treatments on an industrial freehold of northwestern New Brunswick

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc2013-092 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 89 (04) ◽

pp. 512-524 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Martin Béland ◽

Bruno Chicoine

Keyword(s):

New Brunswick ◽

Natural Regeneration ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Mineral Soil ◽

Soil Disturbance ◽

Betula Alleghaniensis ◽

Yellow Birch ◽

American Beech ◽

Partial Cutting ◽

Selection Cutting

We examined applicability of various partial cutting systems in order to regenerate tolerant hardwood stands dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccarhum), American beech (Fagus grandifolia) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) on northern New Brunswick J.D. Irving Ltd. freehold land. Sampling of 1065 one-m2 plots in 31 stands managed by selection cutting, shelterwood method and strip or patch cutting and in six control stands allowed a 15-year retrospective study of natural regeneration in stands of low residual densities and with minimal soil disturbance and no control of competing vegetation. Beech regeneration was most abundant in the patch cuts, yellow birch in shelterwood stands and sugar maple in the selection system areas. Results suggest that initial stand conditions influence the composition of the regeneration more than the prescribed treatment. At the stand scale (a few hectares), sugar maple recruitment was positively influenced by its proportion in the initial stand, and negatively by the cover of herbs and shrubs. Yellow birch regeneration was mainly affected by shrub competition. At the plot (1 m2) scale, mineral soil and decayed wood substrates and ground-level transmitted light were determinant factors for yellow birch regeneration. Beech-dominated stands were likely to regenerate to beech. A dense beech sucker understory was promoted in harvested patches. Areas with dense understory of American beech, shrubs, or herbs require site preparation to reduce interference either before or at the time of partial cutting. Shelterwood seed cutting and selection cutting should leave a residual of 12 m2/ha and 17 m2/ha respectively in seed trees uniformly distributed.

Download Full-text

SUGAR PRODUCTION BY WHITE AND YELLOW BIRCHES

Canadian Journal of Research ◽

10.1139/cjr44c-001 ◽

1944 ◽

Vol 22c (1) ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

L. P. V. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Sugar Maple ◽

Invert Sugar ◽

Sugar Production ◽

White Birch ◽

Yellow Birch ◽

Corn Syrup ◽

Birch Trees

White and yellow birch trees produced an abundance of sap, but the yield of sugar was on the average only about one-third that of the sugar maple. Results indicate that yellow birch sap contains invert sugar with small amounts of sucrose, and that white birch sap contains a mixture of fructose and invert sugar. Syrups prepared from white and yellow birch saps by concentrating 100 times were similar in taste and appearance to commercial corn syrup.

Download Full-text

Succession des micro-organismes à la suite de blessures artificielles au tronc chez le bouleau jaune (Betulaalleghaniensis Britt.) et l'érable à sucre (Acersaccharum Marsh.)

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x71-014 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 113-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

André Lavallée ◽

Alain Bard

Keyword(s):

Sugar Maple ◽

Natural Infection ◽

General Decay ◽

Yellow Birch ◽

Decay Fungi ◽

Linear Extent ◽

Birch Trees

Xylem of sugar maple and yellow birch trees were exposed to natural infection by making axe blazes to simulate mechanical injuries. After 8, 21, and 34 months, dissection and isolations made from the discolored wood permitted the localization of certain microorganisms in three arbitrarily determined zones. Longitudinal and radial development of discoloration associated with wounds was more rapid in yellow birch than in sugar maple. There was evidence of a succession of organisms in the colonization of the wounds which was subsequent to the first discoloration process and involved different organisms in the two hosts. In general, decay fungi did not appear until after 21 months. Cytosporadecipiens occurred exclusively in discolored wood of sugar maple while Phialophora spp. and Cephalosporium sp. dominated the discolored wood of yellow birch. Bacteria were more frequent in yellow birch than in sugar maple. Relationships between size of injuries, linear extent of the discoloration produced, and identity of the various organisms involved are also presented.

Download Full-text

Effects of Non-Industrial Wood Ash (NIWA) Applications on Soil Chemistry and Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum, Marsh.) Seedling Growth in an Acidic Sugar Bush in Central Ontario

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11060693 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 693

Author(s):

Holly D. Deighton ◽

Shaun A. Watmough

Keyword(s):

Forest Soil ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

Soil Ph ◽

Soil Chemistry ◽

Acer Saccharum ◽

Soil Amendment ◽

Sugar Maple ◽

Base Cation ◽

Yellow Birch ◽

Metal Concentrations

Research Highlights: In central Ontario, large quantities of non-industrial wood ash (NIWA) are generated and could be used as a forest soil amendment to counteract soil acidification and base cation depletion caused by decades of acid deposition. Background and Objectives: The properties and biogeochemical responses of NIWA have not been thoroughly explored, and field experiments must be conducted before NIWA can be regulated as a forest soil amendment in Ontario. Materials and Methods: In this study, soil chemistry and sugar maple (Acer saccharum, Marsh.) seedling growth and chemistry were measured in an acidic sugar bush over twelve months following a NIWA field experiment. Plots (2 m by 2 m) were established with sugar maple, white pine (Pinus strobus L.), and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) NIWA treatments applied at rates of 6 Mg ha−1 along with untreated control plots. Results: Ash chemistry varied significantly among species and yellow birch ash generally had much higher metal concentrations compared with other species. Following ash application, significant increases in soil pH and calcium and magnesium concentrations were observed, however the level of response varied by treatment. Foliar concentrations of base cations in sugar maple seedlings significantly increased in ash treatments and there was no significant treatment effect on foliar metal concentrations or seedling growth. In roots and shoots, concentrations of several metals (manganese, aluminum, iron, boron, arsenic, cadmium, zinc, copper, lead, chromium, and nickel) increased after ash application, however response was most pronounced in yellow birch ash. Conclusions: These results suggest that application of NIWA can counteract the lasting effects of acid rain by increasing soil pH and base cation concentrations, as well as increasing sugar maple seedling foliar nutrient concentrations, but ashes from species with high metal contents may also increase metal availability to vegetation, at least in the short-term.

Download Full-text

Soil Changes and Tree Seedling Response Associated with Site Preparation in Northern Idaho

Western Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/wjaf/12.3.81 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 81-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Deborah S. Page-Dumroese ◽

Martin F. Jurgensen ◽

Alan E. Harvey ◽

Russell T. Graham ◽

Jonalea R. Tonn

Keyword(s):

Seedling Growth ◽

Soil Nutrient ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Nutrient Status ◽

Site Preparation ◽

Pinus Monticola ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Tree Seedling ◽

Competing Vegetation ◽

Northern Idaho

Abstract Conifer regeneration in western North America is often hampered by low soil moisture, poor soil nutrient status, and competing vegetation. Three site preparation techniques were evaluated at two different elevations in northern Idaho as potential remedies for these problems: (1) soil mounds without control of competing vegetation, (2) soil mounds with herbicidal control of competing vegetation, and (3) scalping (removal of soil surface organic horizons and mineral topsoil). Treatments were evaluated for effects on soil nutrient levels, soil physical properties, and the growth of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) and western white pine (Pinus monticola) seedlings. Both species generally grew best when planted in the mounded treatment with competing vegetation removed and worst after scalping. Mounding with herbicide application resulted in the lowest bulk density, best seedling growth, and increased water availability. Mounding may be a viable site preparation method in the Inland Northwest on less productive sites that have severe competition. Scalping, especially when competition was not a problem, generally did not produce favorable seedling growth responses. Scalping may also reduce longer term seedling growth by removing surface organic matter. West. J. Appl. For. 12(3):81-88.

Download Full-text