scholarly journals Treatment of Obesity in Children and Adolescents

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly L Matson ◽  
Renee M Fallon
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Weight Loss Medications ◽  
Obesity In Children

The prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity continues to rise in the United States (US). Immediate health consequences are being observed, and long-term risks are mounting within the pediatric population, secondary to obesity. The hallmark of prevention and treatment of obesity in children and adolescents includes lifestyle modification (i.e., dietary modification, increased physical activity, and behavioral modifications). However, when intensive lifestyle modification is insufficient to reach weight loss goals, adjunctive pharmacotherapy is recommended. Among the group of weight-loss medications, orlistat is the only US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved prescription drug for the treatment of overweight and obese adolescents. Other medications, including metformin, need larger studies to establish their role in treatment. No single approach to management of pediatric obesity is the answer, given the complexity of the disorder and the many reasons for failure. Evidence of weight loss medications in addition to lifestyle modification supports short-term efficacy for treatment of obese children and adolescents, although long-term results remain unclear.

scholarly journals Childhood Obesity: A New Menace

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-38
Author(s):  
Maria L. Salazar ◽  
Lea S. Eiland
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Weight Loss Medications

Childhood obesity is increasing in prevalence in the United States. Comorbid diseases once thought of as adult issues such as hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, are now being encountered in the pediatric population as a result of obesity. Primary prevention is still the most cost-effective approach to this growing problem. In terms of management, the treatment of obesity in children is not identical to that in adults. Thus far, the only accepted weight loss therapy for children are diet, exercise, modification of eating behaviors and family education. Further options for morbidly obese children include weight loss medications or surgery, regarding which long-term benefits are still under investigation.

scholarly journals Maintenance of Weight Loss in Adolescents: Current Status and Future Directions

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan L. Butryn ◽  
Thomas A. Wadden ◽  
Margaret R. Rukstalis ◽  
Chanelle Bishop-Gilyard ◽  
Melissa S. Xanthopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Adolescent Obesity ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Length Of Treatment ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Effectiveness Data

There is a dearth of research on the long-term efficacy and safety of treatments for adolescent obesity. This narrative review examined several approaches to treatment, focusing on long-term effectiveness data in adolescents, as well as relevant findings from studies of adults. The available research suggests that lifestyle modification has promise in obese adolescents, although it is not clear that any particular dietary or physical activity approach is more effective than another. Meal replacements are quite effective in adults and deserve further research in adolescents. Extending the length of treatment to teach weight loss maintenance skills is likely to improve long-term outcomes in adolescents, and delivering treatment via the Internet or telephone is a novel way of doing so. Treatment that combines lifestyle modification with the medication orlistat generally appears to be safe but only marginally superior to lifestyle modification alone. More research is needed on the management of adolescent obesity, which has been overlooked when compared with research on the treatment of obesity in children and adults.

Obesity, Nutrition, and Physical Activity

2010 ◽  
pp. 127-137
Author(s):  
Donald D. Hensrud
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity

The prevalence of obesity has increased markedly over the past few decades in the United States. This increase has occurred across all ethnic groups and all ages, including childhood and adolescence. After obesity has developed, long-term results from the treatment of obesity are generally poor. The importance of diet and nutrition in the prevention of the disease has been widely reported. An estimated 365,000 deaths occur each year because of suboptimal diet and activity habits. Dietary factors play a prominent role in 5 of the 10 leading causes of death for Americans: heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes mellitus, and cerebrovascular disease. The health benefits of physical activity and exercise are broad, strong, and well-documented. Health benefits appear to increase linearly with the total amount of physical activity.

scholarly journals Weight-Loss Strategies for Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Hypertension ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Hall ◽  
Jordana B. Cohen ◽  
Jamy D. Ard ◽  
Brent M. Egan ◽  
John E. Hall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Target Organ Damage ◽  
Heart Association ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Target Organ ◽  
Renal Diseases

Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular and renal diseases in the United States and worldwide. Obesity accounts for much of the risk for primary hypertension through several mechanisms, including neurohormonal activation, inflammation, and kidney dysfunction. As the prevalence of obesity continues to increase, hypertension and associated cardiorenal diseases will also increase unless more effective strategies to prevent and treat obesity are developed. Lifestyle modification, including diet, reduced sedentariness, and increased physical activity, is usually recommended for patients with obesity; however, the long-term success of these strategies for reducing adiposity, maintaining weight loss, and reducing blood pressure has been limited. Effective pharmacotherapeutic and procedural strategies, including metabolic surgeries, are additional options to treat obesity and prevent or attenuate obesity hypertension, target organ damage, and subsequent disease. Medications can be useful for short- and long-term obesity treatment; however, prescription of these drugs is limited. Metabolic surgery is effective for producing sustained weight loss and for treating hypertension and metabolic disorders in many patients with severe obesity. Unanswered questions remain related to the mechanisms of obesity-related diseases, long-term efficacy of different treatment and prevention strategies, and timing of these interventions to prevent obesity and hypertension-mediated target organ damage. Further investigation, including randomized controlled trials, is essential to addressing these questions, and emphasis should be placed on the prevention of obesity to reduce the burden of hypertensive cardiovascular and kidney diseases and subsequent mortality.

scholarly journals Through Thick and Thin: Identifying Barriers to Bariatric Surgery, Weight Loss Maintenance, and Tailoring Obesity Treatment for the Future

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donevan Westerveld ◽  
Dennis Yang
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Weight Loss Maintenance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Physician Perceptions ◽  
Perceptions And Attitudes ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Weight Loss Interventions

More than one-third of the adults in the United States are obese. This complex metabolic disorder is associated with multiple comorbidities and increased all-cause mortality. Bariatric surgery has been shown to be more effective than medical therapy and has been associated with weight loss maintenance and decreased mortality. In spite of these well-established benefits, less than 1% of candidates undergo surgery due to multiple factors, such as patient and physician perceptions and attitudes, patient-physician interaction, lack of resources, and cost burden. Furthermore, even in patients who do undergo bariatric surgery and/or alternate weight loss interventions, long-term weight control is associated with high-risk failure and weight regain. In this review, we highlight some of the current barriers to bariatric surgery and long-term weight loss maintenance and underscore the importance of an individualized multidisciplinary longitudinal strategy for the treatment of obesity.

DYNAMICS OF LIPID AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN THE TREATMENT OF OBESITY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-115
Author(s):  
E.V. Pavlovskaya ◽  
◽  
T.V. Strokova ◽  
A.G. Surkov ◽  
A.V. Starodubova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Obesity In Children

A follow-up study of long-term results after cochlear implantation in children and adolescents

1996 ◽  
Vol 253 (3) ◽  
pp. 158-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kiefer ◽  
V. Gall ◽  
C. Desloovere ◽  
R. Knecht ◽  
A. Mikowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Cochlear Implantation ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Follow Up Study

Long-term results of two behavior modification weight loss programs using nutritionists as therapists

1978 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Beneke ◽  
Barbara Paulsen ◽  
Mary Bess Kohrs ◽  
William T. McReynolds ◽  
Ruth N. Lutz
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Behavior Modification ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Weight Loss Programs

Firearm Injuries Affecting the Pediatric Population

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 788-790
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Unintentional Injury ◽  
The United States ◽  
Male Adolescents ◽  
Firearm Injuries ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Developed Nations

In the United States approximately 30 000 people die from firearm injuries each year. Many more are wounded. In the mid 1980s, more than 3000 of the dead were children and adolescents aged 1 to 19 years.1 In 1989 nearly 4000 firearm deaths were among children 1 to 19 years of age, accounting for 12% of all deaths in that age group.2 All of these deaths or injuries affect other children because the victims who are killed or wounded are frequently relatives, neighbors, or friends. Comparison data for childhood age groups demonstrate that in 1987, 203 children aged 1 to 9 years, 484 children aged 10 to 14 years, and 2705 adolescents aged 15 to 19 years died as a result of firearm injuries.1 Firearm deaths include unintentional injuries, homicides, and suicides. Among the 1- to 9-year-olds, half of the deaths were homicides and half were unintentional. Among the 10- to 14-year-olds, one third of the deaths were homicides, one third were suicides, and one third were unintentional. Among the 15- to 19-year-olds, 48% were homicides, 42% were suicides, and 8% were unintentional.1 Firearm homicides are the leading cause of death for some US subpopulations, such as urban black male adolescents and young adults.3 Table 1 indicates how firearms contributed to the deaths of children and adolescents (homicides, suicides, and all causes) in 1987. Table 2 illustrates the unusual scale of firearm violence affecting young people in the United States compared with other developed nations.4 Firearm injuries are the fourth leading cause of unintentional injury deaths to children younger than 15 years of age in the US.5

scholarly journals Long-term weight loss maintenance in the United States

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 1644-1654 ◽  
Author(s):  
J L Kraschnewski ◽  
J Boan ◽  
J Esposito ◽  
N E Sherwood ◽  
E B Lehman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Loss Maintenance ◽  
The United States
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