Obesity, Nutrition, and Physical Activity

2010 ◽  
pp. 127-137
Author(s):  
Donald D. Hensrud
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity

The prevalence of obesity has increased markedly over the past few decades in the United States. This increase has occurred across all ethnic groups and all ages, including childhood and adolescence. After obesity has developed, long-term results from the treatment of obesity are generally poor. The importance of diet and nutrition in the prevention of the disease has been widely reported. An estimated 365,000 deaths occur each year because of suboptimal diet and activity habits. Dietary factors play a prominent role in 5 of the 10 leading causes of death for Americans: heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes mellitus, and cerebrovascular disease. The health benefits of physical activity and exercise are broad, strong, and well-documented. Health benefits appear to increase linearly with the total amount of physical activity.

scholarly journals Treatment of Obesity in Children and Adolescents

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly L Matson ◽  
Renee M Fallon
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Weight Loss Medications ◽  
Obesity In Children

The prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity continues to rise in the United States (US). Immediate health consequences are being observed, and long-term risks are mounting within the pediatric population, secondary to obesity. The hallmark of prevention and treatment of obesity in children and adolescents includes lifestyle modification (i.e., dietary modification, increased physical activity, and behavioral modifications). However, when intensive lifestyle modification is insufficient to reach weight loss goals, adjunctive pharmacotherapy is recommended. Among the group of weight-loss medications, orlistat is the only US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved prescription drug for the treatment of overweight and obese adolescents. Other medications, including metformin, need larger studies to establish their role in treatment. No single approach to management of pediatric obesity is the answer, given the complexity of the disorder and the many reasons for failure. Evidence of weight loss medications in addition to lifestyle modification supports short-term efficacy for treatment of obese children and adolescents, although long-term results remain unclear.

scholarly journals Russian national clinical recommendations for morbid obesity treatment in adults. 3rd revision (Morbid obesity treatment in adults)

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan I. Dedov ◽  
Galina A. Mel'nichenko ◽  
Marina V. Shestakova ◽  
Ekaterina A. Troshina ◽  
Natalya V. Mazurina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Morbid Obesity ◽  
Obesity Treatment ◽  
Clinical Recommendations ◽  
Surgical Methods ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
First Time

The presented paper is a third revision of the clinical recommendations for the treatment of morbid obesity in adults. Morbid obesity is a condition with body mass index (BMI) 40 kg / m2 or a BMI 35 kg / m2 in the presence of serious complications associated with obesity. The recommendations provide data on the prevalence of obesity, its etiology and pathogenesis, as well as on associated complications. The necessary methods for laboratory and instrumental diagnosis of obesity are described in detail. In this revision of the recommendations, the staging of prescribing conservative and surgical methods for the treatment of obesity are determined. For the first time, a group of patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus is selected, in whom metabolic surgery allows a long-term improvement in the control of glycemia or remission of diabetes mellitus.

Surgical reconstruction for unilateral iliac artery lesions in patients younger than 50 years

VASA ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 474-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radak ◽  
Babic ◽  
Ilijevski ◽  
Jocic ◽  
Aleksic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Limb Salvage ◽  
Iliac Artery ◽  
Graft Patency ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Surgical Reconstruction ◽  
Safe Procedure ◽  
Term Survival

Background: To evaluate safety, short and long-term graft patency, clinical success rates, and factors associated with patency, limb salvage and mortality after surgical reconstruction in patients younger than 50 years of age who had undergone unilateral iliac artery bypass surgery. Patients and methods: From January 2000 to January 2010, 65 consecutive reconstructive vascular operations were performed in 22 women and 43 men of age < 50 years with unilateral iliac atherosclerotic lesions and claudication or chronic limb ischemia. All patients were followed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery and every 6 months thereafter. Results: There was in-hospital vascular graft thrombosis in four (6.1 %) patients. No in-hospital deaths occurred. Median follow-up was 49.6 ± 33 months. Primary patency rates at 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year were 92.2 %, 85.6 %, 73.6 %, and 56.5 %, respectively. Seven patients passed away during follow-up of which four patients due to coronary artery disease, two patients due to cerebrovascular disease and one patient due to malignancy. Limb salvage rate after 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year follow-up was 100 %, 100 %, 96.3 %, and 91.2 %, respectively. Cox regression analysis including age, sex, risk factors for vascular disease, indication for treatment, preoperative ABI, lesion length, graft diameter and type of pre-procedural lesion (stenosis/occlusion), showed that only age (beta - 0.281, expected beta 0.755, p = 0.007) and presence of diabetes mellitus during index surgery (beta - 1.292, expected beta 0.275, p = 0.026) were found to be significant predictors of diminishing graft patency during the follow-up. Presence of diabetes mellitus during index surgery (beta - 1.246, expected beta 0.291, p = 0.034) was the only variable predicting mortality. Conclusions: Surgical treatment for unilateral iliac lesions in patients with premature atherosclerosis is a safe procedure with a low operative risk and acceptable long-term results. Diabetes mellitus and age at index surgery are predictive for low graft patency. Presence of diabetes is associated with decreased long-term survival.

Utilization of Collaborations to Engage Children in Physical Activity: A Community-Based Research Approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-328
Author(s):  
Sheri J. Brock ◽  
Danielle Wadsworth ◽  
Shelby Foote ◽  
Mary E. Rudisill
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Collaborative Partnerships ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Community Partners ◽  
Community Based Research ◽  
Quality Product ◽  
Long Term Impact

Institutions of higher education have a responsibility to prioritize the needs of society and local communities. One essential need prevalent in all communities is to address the rise of obesity and health risks due to lack of participation in physical activity. In the United States, children spend a small percentage of time engaged in physical activity, and engagement decreases further in adolescence and adulthood. Collaborative partnerships between kinesiology faculty at universities and community organizations are one avenue for engaging children in physical activity. Partnerships must be multilevel and community wide to evoke change and have long-term impact and sustainability. Within the context of community-based research, we propose a three-step framework for establishing collaborative partnerships: (1) determining the needs of partners; (2) discussing expertise, services, and philosophy; and (3) providing a quality product. In addition, we outline and illustrate our experiences when collaborating with community partners to promote physical activity.

Acculturation and Physical Activity Among Latinos

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana F. Abraído-Lanza ◽  
Karen R. Flórez ◽  
Rachel C. Shelton
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
United States ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Socioeconomic Position ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Many

Despite the many health benefits of physical activity (PA), the majority of Latinos do not meet recommended levels of PA. This chapter provides an overview of research on acculturation and PA among adult Latinos in the United States. It identifies gaps in knowledge concerning the association between acculturation and different types of PA, the joint effects of socioeconomic position and acculturation on PA, and research on gender. It suggests several areas for further research related to acculturation and PA, including an exploration of norms, social networks, and broader social contexts. It concludes that although the bulk of evidence indicates that greater acculturation is associated with increased PA, more complex research designs and greater methodological and conceptual rigor are needed to move forward research in this area.

Determining the Long-Term Effectiveness of a Group-Based Physical Activity Program

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-408
Author(s):  
Anamica Batra ◽  
Richard C. Palmer ◽  
Elena Bastida ◽  
H. Virginia McCoy ◽  
Hafiz M. R. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Population Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
South Florida ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Evidence Based Programs ◽  
The Impact

Objective. In 2015, only half (48%) of older adults in the United States (≥60 years) reported engaging in any kind of physical activity. Few studies examine the impact of evidence-based programs when adopted in community-based settings. The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of EnhanceFitness (EF) upto 12-months. Method. EF was offered to older adults in South Florida. A total of 222 EF classes were offered between October 2008 and December 2014. Program consisted of a 1-hour session held three times a week. Even though participation was required for 4 months, 1,295 participants continued the program for at least 1 year. Results. All participants showed significant improvement in outcome measures. A mean change of 1.5, 1.7, and 1.9 was seen in number of chair stands at 4, 8, and 12 months (p < .001), respectively. The number of arm curls performed improved from 16.8 at baseline to 18.8, 18.8, and 19.2 at 4-, 8-, and 12-months, respectively. Participants improved their up-and-go time by decreasing from 9.1 (baseline) to 8.7 (4 months) to 8.6 (12 months; p = .001). Discussion. Randomized controlled trials are commonly used to determine the efficacy of an intervention. These interventions when disseminated at the population level have the potential to benefit large masses. EF is currently offered at more than 700 locations. This tremendous success of EF brings attention to an important question of continuous monitoring of these programs to ensure program consistency and intended outcomes. The model used by the Healthy Aging Regional Collaborative could be replicated by other communities.

scholarly journals Prevalence of obesity, hypertension and metabolic abnormalities in patients receiving long term cART: a case control study from South India

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 1620
Author(s):  
Vasudeva Acharya ◽  
Govind Gangadharan
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Cardiovascular Morbidity ◽  
Metabolic Abnormalities ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Low Hdl ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Obesity Hypertension

Background: Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has improved the quality of life and survival of HIV-infected individuals. However, the long term intake of these drugs is associated with multiple metabolic abnormalities eventually leading to increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.Methods: Forty five HIV-infected individuals who are on cART having CD4+ cell count of >200 cells/mm3 for at least 2 years were recruited as cases. Age and gender matched, otherwise healthy individuals were taken as controls. Both cases and controls were compared for the prevalence of obesity, abdominal obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and lipid abnormalities.Results: We found higher prevalence of obesity (33.3% vs 26.7%), abdominal obesity (33.3% vs 17.8%), hypertension (33.3% vs 20%), impaired fasting glucose (IFG) (37.7% vs 8.9%), diabetes mellitus (26.7% vs 24.4%), high total cholesterol (33.3% vs 22.2%) and low HDL cholesterol (60% vs 46.7%) among cases compared to controls. The statistically significant difference was noted only for IFG (cases = 17, 37.7%, controls = 4, 8.9%, p value = 0.002). Low HDL cholesterol was the most common metabolic abnormality found in 27 (60%) cases and 21 (46.7%) controls.Conclusions: HIV-infected individuals receiving long term cART have higher prevalence of obesity, hypertension and dysregulations in glucose and lipid metabolism compared to general population and hence, the diagnosis and management of these abnormalities is very important to prevent cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

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