scholarly journals Field trials and community trials: importance in public health

Medwave ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e6797-e6797
Author(s):  
Jorge Mario Piedra-Fernández ◽  
Gema Esmeralda Ganoza-Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Community Trials

scholarly journals Coproduction of Research Questions and Research Evidence in Public Health: The Study to Prevent Teen Drinking Parties

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Wolfson ◽  
Kimberly G. Wagoner ◽  
Scott D. Rhodes ◽  
Kathleen L. Egan ◽  
Michael Sparks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Stakeholder Involvement ◽  
Community Based Participatory Research ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Membership Organization ◽  
Community Trials

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) provides a set of principles and practices intended to foster coproduction of knowledge. However, CBPR often has shortcomings when applied to population-level policy and practice interventions, including a focus on single communities and a lack of focus on policy change. At the same time, community trials focused on policy have shortcomings, including lack of stakeholder involvement in framing research questions and modest engagement in study implementation and interpretation and dissemination of results. We describe an attempt to hybridize CBPR and community trials by creating a partnership that included a national membership organization, a coalition advisory board, intervention and delayed intervention communities, and an academic study team, which collaborated on a study of community strategies to prevent underage drinking parties. We use qualitative and quantitative data to critically assess the partnership. Areas where the partnership was effective included (1) identifying a research question with high public health significance, (2) enhancing the intervention, and (3) improving research methods. Challenges included community coalition representatives’ greater focus on their own communities rather than the production of broader scientific knowledge. This model can be applied in future attempts to narrow the gap between research, policy, and practice.

scholarly journals Tensions between research and public health: modelling the risks and benefits of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine field trials versus human infection challenge studies.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
George S Heriot ◽  
Euzebiusz Jamrozik ◽  
Michael J Selgelid
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Post Trial

Background: Human infection challenge studies (HICS) with SARS-CoV-2 are under consideration as a way of accelerating vaccine development. We evaluate potential vaccine research strategies under a range of epidemic conditions determined, in part, by the intensity of public health interventions. Methods: We constructed a compartmental epidemiological model incorporating public health interventions, vaccine efficacy trials and a post-trial population vaccination campaign. The model was used to estimate the duration and benefits of large-scale field trials in comparison with HICS accompanied by an expanded safety trial, and to assess the marginal risk faced by HICS participants. Results: Field trials may demonstrate vaccine efficacy more rapidly than a HICS strategy under epidemic conditions consistent with moderate mitigation policies. A HICS strategy is the only feasible option for testing vaccine efficacy under epidemic suppression, and maximises the benefits of post-trial vaccination. Less successful or absent mitigation results in minimal or no benefit from post-trial vaccination, irrespective of trial design. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 HICS are the optimal method of vaccine testing for populations maintained under epidemic suppression, where vaccination offers the greatest benefits to the local population.

scholarly journals The many faces of epidemiology: evolutionary epidemiology

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1743-1752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio José Struchiner ◽  
Paula Mendes Luz ◽  
Claudia Torres Codeço ◽  
Eduardo Massad
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Model Driven ◽  
Pathogen Virulence ◽  
Evolutionary Epidemiology ◽  
The Many ◽  
Analytical Tools

We review important issues revealed by the application of the evolutionary theory to epidemiological problems. The scope is restricted to infectious diseases and the evolution of virulence as a consequence of public health strategies to control transmission. We focus on the discussion about the possibility of virulence management and explore current scenarios in which recent advances in molecular biology and genetics offer new tools to monitor and change diversity among pathogens, vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. We stress the need to integrate the analytical framework of epidemiology into population genetics and evolutionary theory. We anticipate as an outcome of this process the development of study designs and analytical tools to predict the evolutionary implications of control measures in the population and surveillance mechanisms to continuously monitor the changes in pathogen virulence patterns. Communication among modelers, epidemiologists and molecular biologists is essential in order to design model-driven field trials and to develop data-driven analytical tools leading to conclusive findings that can inform the public health oriented decision making process.

scholarly journals Outcomes from international field trials with Male Aedes Sound Traps: Frequency-dependent effectiveness in capturing target species in relation to bycatch abundance

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. e0009061
Author(s):  
Kyran M. Staunton ◽  
Donovan Leiva ◽  
Alvaro Cruz ◽  
Joelyn Goi ◽  
Carlos Arisqueta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Dengue Transmission ◽  
Catch Rates ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Bg Sentinel

Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus vector dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses. With both species expanding their global distributions at alarming rates, developing effective surveillance equipment is a continuing priority for public health researchers. Sound traps have been shown, in limited testing, to be highly species-specific when emitting a frequency corresponding to a female mosquito wingbeat. Determining male mosquito capture rates in sound traps based on lure frequencies in endemic settings is the next step for informed deployment of these surveillance tools. We field-evaluated Male Aedes Sound Traps (MASTs) set to either 450 Hz, 500 Hz, 550 Hz or 600 Hz for sampling Aedes aegypti and/or Aedes albopictus and compared catch rates to BG-Sentinel traps within Pacific (Madang, Papua New Guinea) and Latin American (Molas, Mexico and Orange Walk Town, Belize) locations. MASTs set to 450–550 Hz consistently caught male Ae. aegypti at rates comparable to BG-Sentinel traps in all locations. A peak in male Ae. albopictus captures in MASTs set at 550 Hz was observed, with the lowest mean abundance recorded in MASTs set to 450 Hz. While significantly higher abundances of male Culex were sampled in MASTs emitting lower relative frequencies in Molas, overall male Culex were captured in significantly lower abundances in the MASTs, relative to BG-Sentinel traps within all locations. Finally, significant differences in rates at which male Aedes and Culex were positively detected in trap-types per weekly collections were broadly consistent with trends in abundance data per trap-type. MASTs at 550 Hz effectively captured both male Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus while greatly reducing bycatch, especially male Culex, in locations where dengue transmission has occurred. This high species-specificity of the MAST not only reduces staff-time required to sort samples, but can also be exploited to develop an accurate smart-trap system—both outcomes potentially reducing public health program expenses.

scholarly journals The use of common salt (sodium chloride) fortified with iron to control anaemia: results of a preliminary study

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Nadiger ◽  
K. A. V. R. Krishnamachari ◽  
A. Nadamuni Naidu ◽  
B. S. Narasinga Rao ◽  
S. G. Srikantia
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Common Salt ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Deficiency Anaemia ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Community Trials

1. Iron-deficiency anaemia continues to be a major public health problem in all developing countries. Fortification of commonly consumed food items has been suggested as an effective method of preventing anaemia. Common salt (sodium chloride) has been identified as a suitable vehicle to be fortified with Fe in India.2. Common salt was fortified with ferric orthophosphate (3500 mg/kg) and sodium hydrogen sulphate (5000 mg/kg) to provide an additional 1 mg elemental Fe/g common salt consumed.3. After ascertaining the acceptability of the fortified salt with respect to its colour, taste and bioavailability a pilot feeding trial was conducted among residential schoolchildren in Hyderabad. Feeding of the fortified salt for a period of 1 year resulted in a significant increase in the haemoglobin level of these children. There was also a significant reduction in the prevalence of anaemia among children given the fortified salt.4. Before the same fortified salt is recommended as a public health measure to prevent Fe-deficiency anaemia among our population it is necessary that further large-scale community trials with this fortified salt are carried out particularly among the rural population.

Public Health and Newborn Hearing Screening

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Terrey Oliver Penn ◽  
Susan E. Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hearing Screening ◽  
Newborn Hearing Screening ◽  
Newborn Hearing
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