The Avestan language and its problems

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jost Gippert
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Text Format ◽  
Plain Text ◽  
The Third ◽  
Word Forms

This chapter analyses the problems associated with the Avestan language. A consensus has been reached both in the analysis of individual Avestan word-forms and in the interpretation of the texts which depends on this analysis. However, the Avestan tradition still conceals many a riddle to be solved by later generations of investigators. In principle, this may be due to three well-known reasons: Firstly, we have to take into account the fact that the Avestan corpus is rather small: less than 1,700,000 characters if arranged in a plain text format. The second reason why we cannot expect to find ad hoc solutions to the problems offered by the Avestan tradition is the fact that we do not dispose of an immediate descendant of the Avestan language in Middle and New Iranian times. The third reason why we are still far from being able to solve all the riddles posed by the Avestan tradition lies in the circumstances of the transmission of the Avestan texts themselves. The chapter suggests that further progress in Avestan studies can only be achieved by taking a closer look at the similarities and interdependencies which connect the Avestan language with Vedic Old lndic.

Eco-Cultural Tourism for Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Development of Remote Ecosystems in the Third World

2015 ◽  
pp. 34-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Poyyamoli
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Third World ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Active Management ◽  
Paradigm Shifts ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third World

Most of the remote areas such as mountains and islands are characterized by the features such as remoteness, fragility, endemism, and upland/lowland or island/mainland linkages, besides richer biodiversity and indigenous knowledge, thus attracting a large number of quality conscious tourists. However, conventional “top-down”, reactive and ad-hoc approaches and ill-conceived “development” activities such as infrastructure for mass tourism will destroy the very natural and cultural resource base on which the tourism thrives in these areas. These trends have led to the paradigm shifts towards community-based, participatory, and pro-active management strategies. Appropriate strategies for integrating biodiversity conservation and sustainable livelihoods by regenerating nature and culture for facilitating sustainable development of remote ecosystems in the third world are discussed in this chapter.

scholarly journals Ad hoc procedure for optimising agreement between observational records

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Arana ◽  
Daniel Lapresa ◽  
María Teresa Anguera ◽  
Belén Garzón
Keyword(s):  
Observational Studies ◽  
Order Parameter ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Kappa Statistic ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
The Third ◽  
Complex Events

Observational studies in the field of sport are complicated by the added difficulty of having to analyse multiple, complex events or behaviours that may last just a fraction of a second. In this study, we analyse three aspects related to the reliability of data collected in such a study. The first aim was to analyse and compare the reliability of data sets assessed quantitatively (calculation of kappa statistic) and qualitatively (consensus agreement method). The second aim was to describe how, by ensuring the alignment of events, we calculated the kappa statistic for the order parameter using SDIS-GSEQ software (version 5.1) for data sets containing different numbers of sequences. The third objective was to describe a new consultative procedure designed to remove the confusion generated by discordant data sets and improve the reliability of the data. The procedure is called “consultative” because it involves the participation of a new observer who is responsible for consulting the existing observations and deciding on the definitive result.

VuWaDB

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 24-34
Author(s):  
Atefeh Khazaei ◽  
Mohammad Ghasemzadeh ◽  
Christoph Meinel
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Statistical Point ◽  
Text Format ◽  
Plain Text ◽  
Related Information

This paper introduces VuWaDB, which is a database for vulnerability workarounds. When faced with a newly discovered vulnerability, experts tend to use workarounds in order to mitigate the risks until a patch is issued by the vendor. Currently, the available vulnerability databases suffer from the lack of comprehensive workaround solutions. Furthermore, the presented workarounds are only limited to a few vulnerabilities but also poorly recorded in natural language sentences and plain text format. In order to construct VuWaDB, first, the related information was gathered from a number of well-known vulnerability databases and then extracted, analyzed, and labeled. In this regard, VuWaDB organizes the workarounds in six categories: configuration, modify code, redirect, remove, restrict access and, utility tool. Lastly, it was analyzed from the statistical point of view.

scholarly journals Aggression towards Referees in Amateur Football in Spain: A Loglinear Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Fuente ◽  
Enrique Cantón ◽  
Francisco Montes ◽  
María Ángeles Sanruperto Abella
Keyword(s):  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
The Other ◽  
Loglinear Model ◽  
The Third ◽  
Youth Football ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The City

Aggressive behavior towards football referees is becoming increasingly common, and as a result we are getting used to it and coming to see it as an inevitable and intrinsic element of football matches. Spectators, players and coaches are all prone to take this view. This article studies how the types of aggression shown by these three groups towards the referee are related to one another, and how they are perceived by the referee, in amateur football. For this purpose, the phenomenon was assessed, using an ad-hoc form, both by an expert and by the referee, in 119 regional and youth football matches in the city of Valencia and surrounding municipalities. We analysed the data using a loglinear model, which enabled us to establish that from the referee’s perspective pairs of the above-mentioned groups influenced each other regardless of the attitude of the third group. On the other hand, departing from the traditional idea that aggressive behaviour by one of the groups determines the behaviour of the other two, the analysis of the expert’s opinions on the attitudes of the three groups led us to a model in which their respective actions were independent of one another.

Positioning the third wave of middle power diplomacy: Institutional elevation, practice limitations

2016 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 516-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew F. Cooper ◽  
Emel Parlar Dal
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Significant Advance ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Global Order ◽  
Middle Power ◽  
The Third ◽  
Issue Area ◽  
Middle Powers ◽  
Missing Middle

This article argues that middle power diplomacy can be identified as having gone through three distinct waves. The first is connected with the immediate post-1945 global order, with a focus on multilateralism via the United Nations and related bodies. The second moved to ad hoc bursts of activism related to specific issue area niches. The third and current wave, by contrast, is embedded in the informal institutionalization associated with the G20. Just as the BRICS have used the G20 as a catalyst for differentiated activities both around and independent of the G20, the “missing middle” in the G20 (countries increasingly portrayed as middle powers beyond both the BRICS and the G7) have begun to explore the possibility of collective action. MIKTA (Mexico, Indonesia, Turkey, South Korea, and Australia), while possibly a significant advance in global governance, has the potential of hardening the categories of countries identified as middle powers. At the same time, the MIKTA countries face a number of serious constraints in terms of this global reach. Institutional elevation is compromised by practice limitations, most notably the hold of regional imperatives.

Economic and Social Council

1947 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-115 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
New York ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
September 11 ◽  
The Third ◽  
Social Council ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
First Session

Established by the Charter as one of the principal organs of the United Nations, and entrusted with the solution of international economic and social problems and with international cultural and educational cooperation, the Economic and Social Council met three times during 1946 to discuss both organizational and substantive matters. The First Session was held in London from January 23 to February 16, the Second in New York from May 25 to June 21, and the Third in New York from September 11 to October 3. In addition an ad hoc meeting of the Third Session, to confirm appointments to the various Council Commissions, was held on December 10.

scholarly journals Introduction of the special edition

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e1
Author(s):  
Paulo Cesar Mendes Villis ◽  
Fabrício Brito Silva
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Scientific Journal ◽  
The State ◽  
Scientific Quality ◽  
Special Edition ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
The Third ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Decentralized Management

The Master in environment holds annually the Environment Forum of the State of Maranhão. In 2019, the third edition of the event was held with the theme: Water Resources Management in Maranhão - Potentialities and Weaknesses for a Participatory and Decentralized Management, which presented 149 scientific papers divided into two distinct areas 82 works in the area of planning and environmental quality and 67 works in the área of health and environment. Due to the importance that the event has been showing to the State and the high scientific quality of the presented works, it was considered pertinent a wider dissemination, where all the scientific community would have access to the accomplished works, hence the idea of a Special Edition in a renowned Scientific Journal. Thus, to compose the special edition of the III Forum on the Environment, 15 articles were selected, which later underwent an “ad hoc” peer review to ensure quality. The articles have varied themes and range from environmental monitoring using georeferencing technologies, going through proposals of intervention methodology for environment recovery to articles focused on the influence of anthropic and environmental factors on human health.

The Latin third stem and its survival in Romance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Maiden
Keyword(s):  
Romance Languages ◽  
Past Participle ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

The implications of Aronoff’s classic example of a morphome—the Latin third stem—for the history of the Romance languages are considered; the third stem is shown to persist in Romance in the form of the past participle (also, in Romanian, in the supine) and to display truly ‘morphomic’ properties in diachrony. Some criticisms of the morphomic status of the third stem in Latin are reviewed. The significance of apparent counterexamples in Portuguese and elsewhere is considered. The diachronic data disclose a probably crucial distinction between derivational and inflexional domains in the definition of morphomic patterns. Such patterns reveal themselves as robust only within inflexional morphology, and it is suggested that perfect lexical identity between alternating word forms is crucial to the existence and persistence of morphomic patterns.

The Oxford Handbook of Inflection

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Characteristic Property ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Practical Standpoint ◽  
Important Object ◽  
Paradigmatic Structure ◽  
High Degree

Inflection is the expression of grammatical information through changes in word forms. This confrontation between general principles of syntactic organization and the often idiosyncratic properties of words has brought about systems whose properties—among them an often high degree of complexity—are an important object of investigation in their own right. Because it is something that many languages happily do without, inflection has a curious and often contentious status within linguistics. But even so, there is a fascinating and well-delimited set of facts out there to be explored, for which this handbook will be a guide. The volume is made up of twenty-four chapters, which together take a theoretically ecumenical approach, with particular attention paid to draw the examples from a wide variety of languages. The first section covers the fundamental building blocks of inflectional form and content: morphemes, features, and means of exponence. The second section focuses on what is probably the most characteristic property of inflectional systems, paradigmatic structure, and the non-trivial nature of the mapping between function and form. The third section covers change and variation over time, and the fourth section covers computational issues from a theoretical and practical standpoint. Section five addresses psycholinguistic questions. The final section is devoted to sketches of individual inflectional systems, illustrating a range of typological possibilities across a genetically diverse set of languages from Africa, Asia and the Pacific, Australia, Europe, and South America.

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