The Whole Book and the Whole Picture

Insular Books ◽  
2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Connolly
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Facsimile Edition ◽  
Partial Representation ◽  
Digital Facsimile ◽  
Critical Perception

This chapter considers the ways in which medieval miscellanies have been available to scholars from the mid-19th century onwards, and how the uneven nature of that availability, through facsimile, edition, or commentary, has shaped perceptions of the very nature of this type of manuscript. Attention is paid to how fully facsimiles, editions, and studies represent their originals, and to the distortions of critical perception that can result from partial representation. Also noted is the tendency to privilege manuscripts that are associated with particular authors, and with scribes, patrons, or readers who can be named (even though the majority of medieval miscellanies cannot be connected to any type of biographical context); examples include John Shirley, Richard Hill, Robert Reynes, Robert Thornton, and John Vale. The merits and feasibility of editing miscellanies and producing facsimiles, especially digital facsimile, or other types of study are explored, largely in relation to English examples from the later medieval period.

scholarly journals Symbolism and imagination of the medieval period: The lady and the unicorn in the works of Gustave Moreau

Kultura ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 51-68
Author(s):  
Jovana Nikolić
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Fairy Tale ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Forest Landscape ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Art Forms ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Gustave Moreau ◽  
Intellectual Climate

The French Symbolist painter Gustave Moreau often used the motifs of fantastic beings and animals in his works, amongst which the unicorn found its place. Moreau got the inspiration for the unicorn motif after a visit to the Cluny Museum in Paris, in which six medieval tapestries with the name "The Lady and the Unicorn" were exhibited. Relying on the French Middle Age heritage, Moreau has interpreted the medieval legend of the hunt for this fantastic beast (with the aid of a virgin) in a new way, close to the art of Symbolism and the ideas of the cultural and intellectual climate of Paris at the end of the 19th century. In the Moreau's paintings "The Unicorn" and "The Unicorns", beautiful young nude girls are portrayed in the company of one or multiple unicorns. Similarly to the lady on the medieval tapestry, they too gently caress the animal, showing a close and sensual relationship between them. Although they were rid of their clothes, the artist donned lavish capes, crowns and jewellery on them, alluding to their privileged social status. Their beauty, nudity and closeness with the unicorns ties them to the theme of the femme fatal, which was often depicted in the Symbolist art forms. Showing the fairer sex as beings closer to the material, instinctual and irrational, Moreau has equated women and animals, as is the case with these paintings. Another important theme of the Symbolic art forms which can be seen on the aforementioned paintings is nature, wild and untouched. The landscape in the paintings shows a harmony between the unrestrained nature and the heroes of the painting, freed from strict moral laws of the civil society, or civilization in general. Putting the ladies and the unicorns in an ideal forest landscape, Moreau paints an intimate vision of an imaginary golden age, in this case the Middle Age, through a harmonic relationship of unicorns, women and nature. In that manner, Moreau's unicorns tell a fairy tale of a modern European man at the end of the 19th century: a fairy tale of harmony, sensuality and beauty, hidden in the realms of imagination and dreams.

scholarly journals Philosophical Fundamentals of the Theory of Giftedness

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-21
Author(s):  
D.B. Bogoyavlenskaya
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Psychometric Paradigm ◽  
Wage Labour ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Renaissance Period ◽  
The Gift ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

The article describes the historical stages of exploring the concept of “giftedness” which reflect principally different understandings of this term, but nowadays are considered as the alternatives. The 1st stage: during the Medieval Period, the term “giftedness” is introduced for the first time ever and it explains the ability of a man to create (the God has given the gift). The 2nd stage: during the Renaissance period, the emergence of the wage labour puts an issue of assessing the presence and the height of abilities. The dependence of the product on the giftedness as high/low abilities is postulated. The 3rd stage: in the philosophy of the Modern Period, in the framework of dialectics, the concept of the process is developed and the levels of cognition as the main, generic ability of a human are defined, therefore the giftedness as an issue is missing. The 4th stage: beginning from the middle of the 19th century, due to the split in the philosophical directions and the demands of the psychometric paradigm, giftedness is reduced to the height of intellect and, subsequently, to the height of any abilities. The 5th stage: the emergence of the theory of giftedness based on the advanced methodology introduced to psychology by Vygotsky.

scholarly journals Painted Churches of Medieval Lebanon: an Overview

Chronos ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 129-161
Author(s):  
Tasha Voderstrasse
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Religious Art ◽  
Wall Paintings ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Christian Art ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Scholarly Attention

The modern country of Lebanon preserves an important medieval and post-medieval legacy of standing churches and Christian religious art. After their discovery by western scholars in the 19th century, the art of the churches only attracted limited scholarly attention until about 100 years later, when they began to be studied in detail. Now a variety of studies have appeared on the churches and their art, including several books (Nordiguian and Voisin 1999 and subsequent new editions; Cruikshank Dodd 2004; Immerzeel 2009; Zibawi 2009) and numerous articles in both print and online. This article seeks to provide an overview of the studies of these monuments, first discussing the origins of the study of these churches and the viewpoints of the different scholars who have approached the material, and then examining some Of the surviving monuments. The churches discussed here date to what can be most accurately termed as a high medieval period of the 12th-13th centuries AD, when Lebanon was under the rule of the Crusaders. Nevertheless, while the region was under Crusader control, there is a growing recognition that the monuments that were produced were local art that was influenced from a variety of sources. Post-Crusader material will not be discussed, although it should be noted that the country also possesses important Christian art from the subsequent periods. The article will not only examine the standing architecture, but also the wall paintings, which have been the subject of considerable attention on the part of scholars in recent years. Further, other Christian religious items that would have been found or still can be found in the churches, such as icons, will also be treated here, particularly as a number of scholars have related the different art forms to each other. It is by examining all forms of Christian art surviving in Lebanon from this period that we can come to a better understanding of how and why this material was produced, as well as how the studies of this material has evolved through time. It can also help provide new ideas for further research, in addition to the valuable work of documentation, restoration, and interpretation that has been occurring since the end of the 20th century.

scholarly journals Innacurate Realization of Masoretic Annotations from Leningrad Codex B19a to the Biblia Hebraica Series: General Remarks

2016 ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Edson de Faria Francisco
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Importance ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Bible Studies ◽  
Facsimile Edition ◽  
Academic Publications

In this article are presented and analyzed some situations of inaccurate realization of masoretic annotations of Leningrad Codex B19a (L) in the Biblia Hebraica series (the Biblia Hebraica [BHK], the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia [BHS] and the Biblia Hebraica Quinta [BHQ]), published by Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, Stuttgart, Germany. Besides these works, in this article are presented and analyzed, likewise, situations of inaccurate realization of annotation from masora magna of the Codex L in the Massorah Gedolah iuxta Codicem Leningradensem B19a, published by Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, Roma, Italy. The BHK, the BHS, the BHQ and the Massorah Gedolah are academic publications based on the Codex L, and each one aiming at being faithful to the masoretic manuscript. In this article are identified situations of inaccuracy and possible corrections are proposed, based on the facsimile edition of Codex L. One of the issues addressed in this article is that the study of the Masorah is of fundamental importance for the current Bible studies and the reproduction of the notes prepared by the masoretes in the medieval period shall be, insofar as possible, faithfully reproduced in modern printed editions.

scholarly journals Seven Stars of Heaven and Seven Shrines on Earth: The Big Dipper and the Hie Shrine in the Medieval Period

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (1 and 2) ◽  
pp. 195-216
Author(s):  
Meri Arichi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Hierarchical Grouping ◽  
Kamakura Period ◽  
Shinbutsu Bunri ◽  
Tendai Buddhism

The belief in Sannō, the kami of the Hie Shrine, evolved under the strong influence of Tendai Buddhism during the medieval period. Esoteric scriptures and ritual manuals related to astronomy and astrology encouraged the association of the seven stars of the constellation of the Big Dipper with the seven principal shrines at Hie. The hierarchical grouping of shrines in three units of seven suggests the theoretical input from the Buddhist monks of the Enryaku-ji to the development of the shrine. However the connection of stars and shrines was eradicated after the separation of temples and shrines (shinbutsu-bunri) carried out by the Meiji government in the late 19th century, and little evidence of star-related rituals at the shrine remains today. This paper examines the iconography of the Hie-Sannō Mandara from the Kamakura period in the collection of Saikyō-ji, and considers the significance of the Big Dipper in the context of the Hie-Sannō belief from visual and textual sources.

Slavery in Medieval Europe

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Barker
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Production Characteristic ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
The Middle Ages

Common knowledge would have it that slavery did not exist in medieval Europe. However, there is a thriving body of scholarship which demonstrates that slavery was practiced widely in various forms in Europe during the Middle Ages, alongside captivity, serfdom, and other types of unfreedom. Where then did the common knowledge come from? In the first instance, it derives from the late-18th- and 19th-century abolitionist assumption that as Christianity spread through Europe during the Middle Ages, it must surely have driven out slavery. Among scholars, this common knowledge is sometimes reinforced by Marxist historical narratives, according to which slavery was the mode of production characteristic of the Roman period, while serfdom characterized the medieval period. Yet into the 14th and 15th centuries, medieval Europeans continued to own slaves, trade in slaves, and enslave each other as well as non-European others. They used slaves for agricultural and artisanal labor as well as domestic, sexual, reproductive, and military service. However, the composition of enslaved populations, their demographic and social significance in relation to free populations, the precise legal meaning of slave status, and the practices associated with slavery all varied significantly by region and era. Though Europe was not the only slave-holding region during the medieval period, scholarship about the history of slavery in medieval Byzantium, the Islamic world, Central Asia, East Asia, South Asia, Africa, and the Americas is substantial. Each of these regions merits a bibliography of its own. Moreover, though slavery was not the only form of unfreedom that existed in medieval Europe, captives, hostages, prisoners, and pledges have also been the subjects of much research and merit dedicated bibliographies, too. Finally, though the academic study of medieval slavery came into being in the 19th century alongside the abolitionist discourse that ignored its existence, this bibliography will highlight recent works, especially those produced within the last fifty years. Many older works remain useful as reference points and guides to the archival sources, but contemporary scholars have brought fresh analytical perspectives to bear on slavery studies, each contributing to the flourishing field that exists today.

scholarly journals Puzzle of Tamil Society – Right and Left Hand Sects

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
M Kayalvizhy
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Full Support ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
The Right ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Right And Left Hand

The right hand and left and sect was a peculiar system prevailed in the Medieval period of Tamil Nadu. This system consists 98 castes in the two sects. This system dominated the Tamil society for hundreds of years. It is believed that Karikala Chola established this system. In course of time many clashes arrived between them and it ends with death. Due to this system society diverted in to two. The Tamil kings gave full support to this system. In the beginning of 19th century this system disappeared suddenly from Tamil society. Nobody came to a conclusion that why this system appeared and disappeared in our society.

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