Identity, Dominance and Contestation: Young People’s Engagement with Heritage and Culture

The exclusionary identities plaguing our contemporary times have strong linkages with the heritage and culture of communities. Heritage is a construct that not only records the past but is also created for contemporary social and political needs. Based on ethnographic fieldwork at two publicly contested heritage sites in Maharashtra, India, this paper seeks to understand, young people’s interactions with heritage and culture. These two sites are an ancient Buddhist monument combined with a Hindu temple and a museum articulating elitist narratives of Maharashtra’s past. We found that young people’s heritage conceptions are deeply rooted in inter-connected political identities of belonging to a region and a nation; and regionally popular symbols such as Shivaji and hill forts play a significant role in shaping them. Our fieldwork shows that the heritage represented by some institutions reproduces the broader social dominations and injustice. Worryingly, some of these projections are accepted by young people as their own heritage. This normalizes the partial representation of heritage. Some young people, however, contest some of those dominant projections and hold diverse ideas on heritage. These conceptions provide fertile ground for young people’s political engagement with the idea of heritage and are a call for them to participate in the current contest over India’s past. Diversity and contestations are hallmarks of heritage and culture in India. In that context, the paper enriches our understandings of those discursive and power laden processes that shape the formation of heritage and culture among youth, not only in the global South but also across the world.

A Comparative Study of Soft String Vs Stiff String Models Application in Torque and Drag Analysis

Torque and drag models estimate downhole forces, torques and moments acting in wellbores and drillstring elements during drilling and completion operations. A comparison was made between soft string and stiff string torque and drag model using conventional survey data. Survey data needed for torque and drag modeling are provided by field surveys. Field survey can be conventional survey or continuous survey. Conventional survey is carried out every 90 to 100ft interval or more and only gives a partial representation of the actual wellpath, micro-doglegs and micro-tortuosities may not be fully captured with this survey. Continuous survey is carried out between 1 to 5ft intervals of the wellbore using high resolution survey tools and captures more the micro-doglegs and micro-tortuosities but more expensive than the conventional survey. Torque and drag simulations were performed using both Soft and Stiff String models for comparison using a novel software package. Data provided includes deviational survey data from conventional survey, drillstring/BHA data, and fluid rheological data. The torque and drag simulation produced results for hook loads and buckling while running-in-hole (RIH) and pulling-out-of-hole (POOH). Results from this study show that prior to buckling, results from soft string and stiff string model are almost identical with minimal differences within the range of 0.8% to 1.6% and these were achieved as open-hole friction factors (CHFF) from 0.1 to 0.25. High buckling risk was detected for OHFF of 0.3. When buckling occurs, the differences in results between the two models become very apparent. This paper showed that in order to use stiff string torque and drag model for a more realistic, representative and more accurate pre-buckling and post-buckling operations in a highly deviated well, a high resolution continuous survey is needed; this will capture more readily, the micro-doglegs and micro-tortuosities in the wellbore paths.

Predictability in Contemporary Medicine

Medical practice is increasingly coming under the guidance of statistical-mathematical models that are, undoubtedly, valuable tools but are also only a partial representation of reality. Indeed, given that statistics may be more or less adequate, a model is still a subjective interpretation of the researcher and is also influenced by the historical context in which it operates. From this opinion, I will provide a short historical excursus that retraces the advent of probabilistic medicine as a long process that has a beginning that should be sought in the discovery of the complexity of disease. By supporting the belonging of this evolution to the scientific domain it is also acknowledged that the underlying model can be imperfect or fallible and, therefore, confutable as any product of science. Indeed, it seems non-trivial here to recover these concepts, especially today where clinical decisions are entrusted to practical guidelines, which are a hybrid product resulting from the aggregation of multiple perspectives, including the probabilistic approach, to disease. Finally, before the advent of precision medicine, by limiting the use of guidelines to the original consultative context, an aged approach is supported, namely, a relationship with the individual patient.

Impact of Test Conditions While Screening Lithium-Ion Batteries for Capacity Degradation in Low Earth Orbit CubeSat Space Applications

A wide variety of commercial cylindrical lithium-ion batteries are available for use in nanosatellites (CubeSats) that cycle in low Earth orbit (LEO). This space application differs greatly from the conditions used to create the manufacturer datasheets that CubeSat teams rely on to screen cell types and estimate performance lifetimes. To address this, we experimentally test three LIB cell types using a representative LEO CubeSat power profile in three progressively complex test representations of LEO. The first is “standardized” condition (101 kPa-abs, 20 °C), which uses only a power cycler; the second adds a thermal chamber for “low temperature” condition (101 kPa-abs, 10 °C); and the third adds a vacuum chamber for “LEO” condition (0.2 kPa-abs, 10 °C). Results indicate that general “standardized” and “low temperature” conditions do not yield representative results to what would occur in LEO. Coincidentally, the “LEO” condition gives similar capacity degradation results as manufacturer datasheets. This was an unexpected finding, but suggests that CubeSat teams use full experimental thermal-vacuum testing or default to the manufacturer datasheet performance estimates during the lithium-ion cell screening and selection process. The use of a partial representation of the LEO condition is not recommended.

The objective development mechanism of agriculture in the Russian Federation: theory, methodology, and practice

The problem of determination of the the objective mechanism of social reproduction of agriculture is yet to be resolved. Its cognition furnishes the clue ti the rational solution of a range of socioeconomic, environmental, scientific-technological, ideological, political, and practical tasks for successful development of the sector and its branches in the Russian Federation. The existing domestic and foreign experience proves the inadequacy of the used theories, methodologies and practices, which give only a partial representation in the conditions of considerable uncertainty. The modern theories, methodologies, and practices are incapable of determining the objective mechanism for agricultural development in relation to social reproduction, and thus, ensure the development of agriculture in the current context of sanctions and increased competition in the world market. The author offers an alternative approach with a fundamentally new scientific base, systemic and comprehensive methodology, an adequate theory that fully reflects all aspects of the objective reproduction mechanism on all economic levels. The pivotal link in transformation in the strategy of agricultural development of the Russian Federation is the drastic change in the socioeconomic ideology and state policy aimed at improvement of living conditions for all members of the society based on the legislative consolidation, which via state coercion, ensures the increase in the share of advantageous  spending and reduction of disadvantageous, harmful spending within the budget structure of a social worker and spare time of each person or society in nature. Successful transition of agriculture to an innovative type of reproduction becomes possible only in terms of the accelerated (5-7 years) second Industrialization of the Russian Federation in all production sectors.

A sociological treatment exploring the medical model in relation to the neurodiversity movement with reference to policy and practice

Background: The Medical Model of disability focuses on diagnosed conditions. It is used in policy particularly to categorise people. This enables predictions and forecasting about the size of policy needs but tends to homogenise disability representations, assigning a negative evaluation to illness that may be irrespective of patho-anatomical correlates. The Social Model considers disability as imposed by society through attitudes and barriers. The Neurodiversity Model is a type of social and cultural model with biological implications; it states that differences in brain and behaviour lie on a non-pathological spectrum. Critics say this whitewashes lived experience. Policymakers may devalue the Neurodiversity Model’s origins within activist neurodiverse communities. The model that policy and practice decision makers use has fundamental effects on their impacts.Aims and objectives: The Medical and Neurodiversity Models are reviewed in reference to their politicisation as ways to characterise disability, and identity politics. The implications socially and for disability policy and practice and evidence use are considered.Key conclusions: Both models fall short in addressing the needs of the broad community of the disabled, yet both have useful features. We propose the Biological Gradient Model (BGM), which integrates scientific theory while avoiding pathology-based concepts and value-laden judgments concerning ‘deficiency’. Its usefulness is demonstrated; it resolves some of the ambiguity and tensions that exist in the way people with disability are viewed by different groups and treated within policy. It has the potential to reduce issues of partial representation, where the voices of those who cannot self-advocate may be less heard.<br />Key messages<br /><ul><li>The Medical Model is based on a paradigm of pathology with an emphasis on dysfunctional organs or organ systems;</li><br /><li>This pathology focus has led to an approach that emphasises ‘fixing broken people’, promoting negative judgements, and homogenising categorisations;</li><br /><li>The Neurodiversity Model formed partly in reaction to the Medical Model and emphasises social and cultural aspects of disability;</li><br /><li>The proposed Biological Gradient Model focuses on biology as a spectrum and away from simplistic pathology concepts but also considers how this spectrum intersects with social, attitudinal and systemic barriers;</li><br /><li>Using the Biological Gradient Model, policymakers can be clearer about the type of evidence needed when including people with disability as a group within policy considerations.</li></ul>

Ontology of Humanitarian Knowledge in the Information society

The Humanities, throughout the formation of the cultural experience of humankind, depended on the environment in which they developed, and on the concepts of reality that prevailed in this environment. Modern Humanities are in a state of uncertainty as concerns its roles, including those associated with the rapid evolution of the contemporary information society. The purpose of this article is to overcome this uncertainty. The author presents the main stages of interaction evolution and the ontology of humanitarian knowledge in the digital society in the last two decades. The article is a partial representation of the results of intercollegiate research conducted in 2019 at the Faculty of Free Arts and Sciences of Saint Petersburg State University: “Narratives of public communications in modern Russia”. The process of studying the ontology of humanitarian knowledge in the digital environment is a continuous one because reality is changing dynamically. Researchers are in a dual position: it is possible to study and generalise the observed results during the period of transition from post-industrial society to the modern concept of reality; to model the future conceptual sphere as a set of entities and categories that are in event interaction as a communicative environment with predetermined parameters. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the social reality of modern society has already formed its interdisciplinary specificity, which is subject to ontological understanding.

Reference epistemological model: what form and function in school institutions?Modelo epistemológico de referencia: ¿qué forma y función en las instituciones escolares?

ResumenMuchos problemas docentes están relacionados con la ausencia, en las instituciones escolares, de herramientas epistemológicas para diseñar, gestionar y evaluar procesos de estudio. Proponemos incluir entre dichas herramientas los mapas de cuestiones y respuestas que constituyen una representación parcial del modelo epistemológico de referencia. En este artículo resumimos las conclusiones de cuatro estudios experimentales que incluyen formación del profesorado y recorridos de estudio e investigación. Los resultados muestran las potencialidades de los mapas de cuestiones y respuestas y las nuevas cuestiones que se abren.Palabras clave: Teoría antropológica de la didáctica, Modelo epistemológica de referencia.AbstractMany teaching problems are related with the lack in the school institutions of epistemological tools to design, manage and evaluate study processes. We propose to include within these tools the question-answer maps as a partial representation of the reference epistemological models. In this paper we summarize the conclusions of four experiences including teacher education courses and study and research paths. The results show the potentialities of question – answer maps and new open questions.Keywords: Anthropological Theory of Didactics, Epistemological Reference Model

BRAZIL DOES NOT NEED HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES: a possible reading of government advertising about Enem

This text presents a critical analysis of Enem's official dissemination campaigns in the years 2019 and 2020 amidst a scenario of political tensions between government and federal universities, also marked by the coronavirus pandemic. The study shows a partial representation, in the scope of Brazilian government advertising, sciences and higher education, characterized mainly by the overvaluation of courses in Health Sciences and courses traditionally valued by the labor market, such as Law and Engineering, in contrast to the relative invisibility of Human, Social Sciences and other areas of knowledge.