Comparison of homogenization methods for extraction of maize cob metabolites

The main goal of building composite materials and structures is to provide appropriate a priori controlled physico-chemical properties. For this purpose, a strengthening is introduced that can bear loads higher than those borne by isotropic materials, improve creep resistance, etc. Composite materials can be designed in a different fashion to meet specific properties requirements.Nevertheless, it is necessary to be careful about the orientation, placement and sizes of different types of reinforcement. These issues should be solved by optimization, which, however, requires the construction of appropriate models. In the present paper we intend to discuss formulations of kinematic and constitutive relations and the possible application of homogenization methods. Then, 2D relations for multilayered composite plates and cylindrical shells are derived with the use of the Euler–Lagrange equations, through the application of the symbolic package Mathematica. The introduced form of the First-Ply-Failure criteria demonstrates the non-uniqueness in solutions and complications in searching for the global macroscopic optimal solutions. The information presented to readers is enriched by adding selected review papers, surveys and monographs in the area of composite structures.

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Chemical composition and toxicity of some Agro waste-derived insecticides against Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga ceralella (Olivier) [Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae] infesting stored paddy grains

Bulletin of the National Research Centre ◽

10.1186/s42269-020-00473-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Michael Olufemi Ashamo ◽

Kayode David Ileke ◽

Ayomiposi Idowu Onasile

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Adult Emergence ◽

Adult Mortality ◽

Agricultural Wastes ◽

Sitotroga Cerealella ◽

Angoumois Grain Moth ◽

Egg Hatchability ◽

Mortality Effect ◽

Maize Cob ◽

High Level

Abstract Background Agriculture being one of the major practices in the world has contributed to environmental pollution, especially in developing countries where there were no equipment to recycle the agricultural wastes. Considering the high level of infestation of paddy by Sitotroga cerealella and the high level of pollution caused by agricultural wastes, this research investigated the chemical composition and toxicity of agro wastes (rice husk, maize cob, groundnut and cowpea pods) as eco-friendly protectants of paddy against Sitotroga cerealella. Parameters assessed include adult mortality, oviposition, adult emergence and egg hatchability. Gas chromatography and mass spectrophotometry were used to isolate and characterize the active compounds present in the most effective crude extract. Results The results of the study revealed that all agricultural wastes showed high mortality effect on S. cerealella. Cowpea pod powder was the most toxic to adult paddy moth that caused 33.33%, 36.67%, 46.67%, 50% and 60% mortality of S. cerealella at concentrations 0.1 g, 0.2 g, 0.3 g, 0.4 g and 0.5 g/20 g of paddy grains after 24 h of exposure, respectively. The Cowpea pod, groundnut pod and maize cob extracts caused 100% mortality of S. cerealella at concentration 0.5 ml/20 g of paddy grains after 96 h of exposure, respectively. The lethal concentrations LC50 and LC90 of cowpea pod after 24 h were 0.16 and 0.64 ml which were the lowest of all agro waste extract tested. GC–MS analysis revealed that 19 chemical compounds were present in cowpea pod extract, 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid (a methyl ester) has the highest percentage total of 39.57% and 4-Pentenal, 2-methylene (0.12%) has the least percentage total. Conclusion All the observations revealed that cowpea pod was the most effective. The findings also suggested that the selected agricultural wastes have a promising insecticidal potential and can be used as alternatives to synthetic chemical insecticides for the control of stored product insects.

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Development of Ternary Concrete Utilizing Agricultural Waste Material

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1107515/v1 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Sunita Kumari ◽

Dhirendra Singhal ◽

Rinku Walia ◽

Ajay Rathee

Keyword(s):

Rice Husk ◽

Rice Husk Ash ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Concrete Mix ◽

Maize Cob

Abstract The present project proposes to utilize rice husk and maize cob husk ash in the cement to mitigate the adverse impact of cement on environment and to enhance the disposal of waste in a sustainable manner. Ternary concrete / MR concrete was prepared by using rise husk and maize cob ash with cement. For the present project, five concrete mixes MR-0 (Control mix), MR-1 (Rice husk ash 10% and MR-2.5%), MR-2 (Rice husk ash 10% and MR-5%), MR-3 (Rice husk ash 10% and MR-2.5%), MR-4 (Rice husk ash 10% and MR-2.5%) were prepared. M35 concrete mix was designed as per IS 10262:2009 for low slump values 0-25mm. The purpose is to find the optimum replacement level of cement in M35 grade ternary concrete for I – Shaped paver blocks.In order to study the effects of these additions, micro-structural and structural properties test of concretes have been conducted. The crystalline properties of control mix and modified concrete are analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscope (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that 10% Rice husk ash and 5% maize cob ash replaced with cement produce a desirable quality of ternary concrete mix having good compressive strength. The results of SEM analysis indicated that the morphology of both concrete were different, showing porous structure at 7 days age and become unsymmetrical with the addition of ashes. After 28 day age, the control mix contained more quantity of ettringite and became denser than ternary concrete. XRD analysis revealed the presence of portlandite in large quantity in controlled mix concrete while MR concrete had the partially hydrated particle of alite.

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Permeability of Sand-Clay Mixtures

Archives of Civil Engineering ◽

10.2478/v.10169-010-0017-6 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 299-320 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

G. Kacprzak ◽

C. Boutin ◽

T. Doanh

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Actual State ◽

Load Step ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Experimental Data Point ◽

Saturated Clay ◽

Simplifying Assumptions ◽

Data Point ◽

Homogenization Methods

Abstract This study deals with the behavior of composite blends constituted of rigid and impervious grains included in saturated clay paste of kaolin, considered as permeable and deformable. Permeability tests performed during standard oedometr tests (before each load step) highlight the key role of the original and actual state of the clay paste, and show the existence of a threshold of sand grain concentration above which a structuring effect influences its permeability. In the light of these experiments some usual homogenization methods (with simplifying assumptions to make the problem manageable) are considered in order to model the mixture permeability. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons with experimental data point out their respective domain of interest and limitations of such approaches

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Evaluation of homogenization methods for seasonal snow depth data in the Austrian Alps, 1930–2010

International Journal of Climatology ◽

10.1002/joc.6095 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 39 (11) ◽

pp. 4514-4530 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Giorgia Marcolini ◽

Roland Koch ◽

Barbara Chimani ◽

Wolfgang Schöner ◽

Alberto Bellin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Snow Depth ◽

Depth Data ◽

Seasonal Snow ◽

Austrian Alps ◽

Homogenization Methods

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Maize Plants Infestation by Fusarium spp. and Deoxynivalenol in Genetically Modified Corn Hybrid and Traditional Maize Cultivars

Polish Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.33073/pjm-2011-045 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 60 (4) ◽

pp. 317-321 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

MAREK SELWET

Keyword(s):

European Corn Borer ◽

Genetically Modified ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Genetically Modified Maize ◽

Corn Borer ◽

Maize Cultivars ◽

Maize Plants ◽

Maize Cob ◽

Grain Contamination ◽

Mon 810

The objective of the performed investigations was to isolate pathogenic fungi from contaminated maize cobs, to assess the appearance of maize cob fusariosis and to determine grain contamination with deoxynivalenol in the cultivation of genetically modified maize containing a gene resistance against European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn) as well as selected non-modified cultivars. The plant material comprised the following genetically modified maize cultivar: DKC 3421 YG (MON 810) and non-modified cultivars obtained from Smolice Plant Breeding Ltd., IHAR Group: Junak (FAO 210-220), Prosna (FAO 220), SMH (FAO 230), Baca (FAO 220). Prior to harvesting, the occurrence of maize cob fusariosis was determined in the 89 (BBCH) developmental ripening stage. Microbiological assessment was carried out on grains selected from cobs characterized by various pathological symptoms. In 2008, a total of 133 isolates was obtained from the examined samples of infected maize plants, of which 51 isolates were species-identified, while in 2009, the total of 123 isolates were determined, of which 63 were species-identified. In both experimental years, the majority of isolates contained fungi from the Fusarium genus. The performed analysis of mean levels of cob contamination by fusarioses revealed that DKC 3421 YG (MON 810) and SMH (FAO 230) cultivars showed the smallest levels of contamination as well as the lowest percent of cob contamination per plant, while Junak (FAO 210-220) and Baca (FAO 220) cultivars were characterized by the highest degree of contamination. The lowest deoxynivalenol concentrations were determined in years 2008 and 2009 in the case of the DKC 3421 YG (MON 810) cultivar, whereas Prosna (FAO 220) cultivar was characterized by the highest deoxynivalenol concentration.

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Preparations of Poly(lactic acid) Dispersions in Water for Coating Applications

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13162767 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (16) ◽

pp. 2767

Author(s):

Giada Belletti ◽

Sara Buoso ◽

Lucia Ricci ◽

Alejandro Guillem-Ortiz ◽

Alejandro Aragón-Gutiérrez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Water Phase ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Water Emulsion ◽

Preparation Conditions ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Homogenization Methods ◽

Oil In Water Emulsion

A green, effective methodology for the preparation of water-based dispersions of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) for coating purposes is herein presented. The procedure consists of two steps: in the first one, an oil-in-water emulsion is obtained by mixing a solution of PLA in ethyl acetate with a water phase containing surfactant and stabilizer. Different homogenization methods as well as oil/water phase ratio, surfactant and stabilizer combinations were screened. In the second step, the quantitative evaporation of the organic provides water dispersions of PLA that are stable, at least, over several weeks at room temperature or at 4 °C. Particle size was in the 200–500 nm range, depending on the preparation conditions, as confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. PLA was found not to suffer significant molecular weight degradation by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis. Furthermore, two selected formulations with glass transition temperature (Tg) of 51 °C and 34 °C were tested for the preparation of PLA films by drying in PTFE capsules. In both cases, continuous films that are homogeneous by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and SEM observation were obtained only when drying was performed above 60 °C. The formulation with lower Tg results in films which are more flexible and transparent.

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