scholarly journals S100 and S100β: biomarkers of cerebral damage in cardiac surgery with or without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi-Min Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Cerebral Damage

Neurone-specific enolase and Sangtec 100 assays during cardiac surgery: part III - does haemolysis affect their accuracy?

Perfusion ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Gao ◽  
D N F Harris ◽  
S Sapsed-Byrne ◽  
S Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Cerebral Damage ◽  
Correction Formula ◽  
S 100 ◽  
Serial Dilutions

Neurone-specific enolase (NSE) and Sangtec 100 (S-100) are useful for detecting cerebral damage during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). However, red cells contain NSE, and the haemolysis frequently caused by CPB could produce a false rise in NSE; S-100 is not found in red cells and should not be affected. We, therefore, compared the effects of haemolysis on NSE and S-100 to see if correction was necessary and possible. From seven patients, serial dilutions of haemolysed red cells were added to plasma (1/64-1/2048), measured for absorption at 540 nm and assayed for NSE and S-100. S-100 concentrations showed no change with haemolysis. Measured NSE increased significantly with haemolysis >1/512 (an increase of 6.6 μg/ml): a correction formula is presented. In 39/48 patients after CPB, mean haemolysis was <1/256 and would not need any correction. NSE and S-100 assay can, therefore, be used throughout CPB, which allows both glial and neuronal damage to be studied.

Neurone-specific enolase and Sangtec 100 assays during cardiac surgery: part II - must samples be spun within 30 min?

Perfusion ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Sapsed-Byrne ◽  
F Gao ◽  
D N F Harris
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Cerebral Damage ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Before And After ◽  
S 100

Sangtec 100 (S-100) (Sangtec Medical, Sweden) and neurone-specific enolase (NSE) assays are showing promise in the assessment of cerebral damage following cardiopulmonary bypass (CBP). The manufacturer’s instructions state, however, that samples must be spun and frozen within 30 min, which is inconvenient for serial studies. We, therefore, investigated whether storing blood samples at room temperature (RT) or 4°C for up to 48 h affected the measured levels. Blood samples were taken before and after CBP in six patients and stored for 15 min, 4, 8, 24 or 48 h at RT or 4°C. S-100 and NSE levels did not alter in either ‘before surgery’ or CPB samples when stored for up to 48 h at 4°C. There was a small, nonsignificant rise when stored at RT. Samples may, therefore, be collected throughout long operations or stored overnight without affecting NSE or S-100 plasma levels.

Neurone-specific enolase and Sangtec 100 assays during cardiac surgery: part I - the effects of heparin, protamine and propofol

Perfusion ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Gao ◽  
D NF Harris ◽  
S Sapsed-Byrne ◽  
S Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Lipid Emulsion ◽  
Cerebral Damage ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
S 100 ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

Neurone-specific enolase (NSE) and Sangtec 100 (S-100) (Sangtec Medical, Sweden) assays are designed for clotted samples, but when studying cerebral damage following cardiac surgery, perioperative samples will contain heparin and/or protamine. The lipid emulsion propofol is also frequently used during cardiac surgery and could affect the assays. We, therefore, studied the effects of heparin, protamine and propofol on the accuracy of NSE and S-100 assays in five healthy patients. Blood samples were taken and divided into four groups: normal saline was added to group A; heparin to group B; heparin followed by protamine to group C; and propofol to group D. NSE and S-100 concentrations were measured for all samples. Neither heparin, protamine nor propofol affected the accuracy of S-100 and NSE assays; therefore, samples can be taken throughout operations involving cardiopulmonary bypass without influencing the results.

Macroaggregation of Platelets in Plasma, as Distinct from Microaggregation in Whole Blood (and Plasma), as Determined Using Optical Aggregometry and Platelet Counting respectively, is Specifically Impaired following Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Man

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (04) ◽  
pp. 511-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentine C Menys ◽  
Philip R Belcher ◽  
Mark I M Noble ◽  
Rhys D Evans ◽  
George E Drossos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Platelet Count ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Interquartile Range ◽  
Contributory Factor ◽  
Platelet Aggregability ◽  
Aggregate Growth

SummaryWe determined changes in platelet aggregability following cardiopulmonary bypass, using optical aggregometry to assess macroaggregation in platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and platelet counting to assess microaggregation both in whole blood and PRP. Hirudin was used as the anticoagulant to maintain normocalcaemia.Microaggregation (%, median and interquartile range) in blood stirred with collagen (0.6 µg/ml) was only marginally impaired following bypass (91 [88, 93] at 10 min postbypass v 95 (92, 96] prebypass; n = 22), whereas macroaggregation (amplitude of response; cm) in PRP stirred with collagen (1.0µg/ml) was markedly impaired (9.5 [8.0, 10.8], n = 41 v 13.4 [12.7,14.3], n = 10; p <0.0001). However, in PRP, despite impairment of macroaggregation (9.1 [8.5, 10.1], n = 12), microaggregation was near-maximal (93 [91, 94]), as in whole blood stirred with collagen. In contrast, in aspirin-treated patients (n = 14), both collagen-induced microaggregation in whole blood (49 [47, 52]) and macroaggregation in PRP (5.1 [3.8, 6.6]) were more markedly impaired, compared with control (both p <0.001).Similarly, in PRP, macroaggregation with ristocetin (1.5 mg/ml) was also impaired following bypass (9.4 [7.2, 10.7], n = 38 v 12.4 [10.0, 13.4]; p <0.0002, n = 20), but as found with collagen, despite impairment of macroaggregation (7.2 [3.5,10.9], n = 12), microaggregation was again near-maximal (96 [93,97]). The response to ristocetin was more markedly impared after bypass in succinylated gelatin (Gelo-fusine) treated patients (5.6 [2.8, 8.6], n = 17; p <0.005 v control), whereas the response to collagen was little different (9.3 v 9.5). In contrast to findings with collagen in aspirin-treated patients, the response to ristocetin was little different to that in controls (8.0 v 8.3). Impairment of macroaggregation with collagen or ristocetin did not correlate with the duration of bypass or the platelet count, indicating that haemodilution is not a contributory factor.In conclusion: (1) Macroaggregation in PRP, as determined using optical aggregometry, is specifically impaired following bypass, and this probably reflects impairment of the build-up of small aggregates into larger aggregates. (2) Impairment of aggregate growth and consolidation could contribute to the haemostatic defect following cardiac surgery.

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