scholarly journals Evaluation of outdoor thermal comfort conditions in northern Russia over 30-year period: Arkhangelsk region

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 252-260
Author(s):  
Pavel Konstantinov ◽  
Natalia Shartova ◽  
Mikhail Varentsov ◽  
Boris Revich
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Outdoor Thermal Comfort ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Novaya Zemlya ◽  
Arkhangelsk Region ◽  
Climatic Period ◽  
Bioclimatic Comfort ◽  
Extreme Cold

The aim of the current paper is to evaluate spatial and temporal characteristics of the distribution of bioclimatic comfort within the Arkhangelsk region (Russian Federation) with two modern indices of thermal comfort: PET and UTCI. Its average values calculated for the modern climatic period (1981-2010) in the monthly mean give a clear picture of spatial heterogeneity for the warmest month (July) and for the coldest one (January). The spatial picture of both indices in July allows us to distinguish three large internal regions: the Arkhangelsk province, the continental part of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (NAO) and Novaya Zemlya islands (NZ). Winter distribution of thermal discomfort is fundamentally different: the coldest regions (with extreme cold stress) are equally NZ and the Eastern half of NAO; intermediate position is occupied by the West of the NAO and the extreme northeast of the Arkhangelsk region, the highest winter UTCI values are observed in the rest of the region. In Archangelsk-city extreme cold stress in January has repeatability 6.7%, in February-4%, in December-2.2%, respectively. The average number of time points during the year at which thermal stress is not observed is only 19%. Obtained results will be the basis for planning relevant health measures and providing reliable forecasts of the effects of climate change in the Arctic region.

scholarly journals Features of creating multi-time thematic animations of the Arctic environment pollution on the example of Novaya Zemlya

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Andrey Medvedev ◽  
Natalia Alekseenko ◽  
Maria Arsentyeva
Keyword(s):  
Time Scales ◽  
Radioactive Contamination ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Nuclear Test ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Novaya Zemlya Archipelago ◽  
Novaya Zemlya ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Arctic Region

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The Arctic region is currently at the next stage of increased interest not only from the Arctic States, but also from the entire world community. The main pollutants in the region are oil and gas products, heavy metals, chemical and radioactive contamination. The Arctic region of the Russian Federation has experienced a strong anthropogenic impact of radionuclides due to the use of nuclear energy. The main source of pollution is nuclear testing. About 132 tests were conducted on Novaya Zemlya, including 87 atmospheric, 3 underwater and 42 underground tests. Another source of radioactive contamination is the operation of the naval and civil nuclear fleet, as well as nuclear power plants (on the Kola Peninsula and in Bilibino). Until 1963, most of the tests were carried out in the atmosphere and under water, but after the signing of the Moscow Treaty on August 5, 1963, which prohibits the testing of nuclear weapons in three environments (under water, in the atmosphere and outer space), all tests were carried out underground, in tunnels and wells.</p><p>The object of research and mapping is the territory of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago and the nuclear test site located on it. On the territory of the nuclear test site constantly there was an assessment of the radioecological situation. The scientific community is interested in the processes taking place on the New Earth. The territory of the archipelago is constantly involved in various Arctic programs aimed at monitoring the level of environmental pollution and reducing the number of sources of pollution.</p><p>The aim of this work is to create multi-time animations of nuclear tests and the results of radionuclide pollution. These animated cartographic images differ not only in their time scales, but also a large set of qualitative and quantitative characteristics that characterize the results of anthropogenic influence.</p><p>As sources for creation of cartographic animations were: field data, remote sensing data (RS), Open sources, marine navigation maps, DEM’s (AsterDem, ArcticDem, GEBCO), meteorological data, thematic maps (including atlases), topographic maps, literary sources. The main part of the information about Novaya Zemlya archipelago was taken from the works of the Arctic marine complex expedition, which are devoted to the nature, history, archeology and culture of the archipelago. To obtain complete information about the explosions and their energy release ranges, additional open sources were used, from which it is possible to learn about the type of explosion, its power and location (geographical coordinates).</p><p>Dynamic geo-imagery was developed and established by the following method: study of object mapping and the collection of primary spatial data – creation script dynamic geo-imagery – the creation of a geodatabase of research – the creation of the thematic maps and layout of geo-imagery in the graphic editor – create animations with different time scales.</p><p>During the creation of cartographic animations based on the collected data, a multi-time multi-scale cartographic animation was developed, which allowed using the original graphical solution to visualize three interconnected time scales, which allowed to visualize the processes of infiltration and propagation of radioactive inert gases.</p>

scholarly journals What is the most threatening for citizens of a mid-latitude city: cold stress or heat stress?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Top ◽  
Dragan Milošević ◽  
Steven Caluwaerts ◽  
Stevan Savić
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Heat Wave ◽  
Outdoor Thermal Comfort ◽  
Belgian Society ◽  
Human Thermal Comfort ◽  
Summer Heat ◽  
Heat And Cold Stress ◽  
The City

&lt;p&gt;Both heat and cold waves cause extreme human thermal discomfort and a clear excess in mortality. This shows the importance of knowing the prevailing thermal comfort conditions and how thermal comfort conditions vary in various environments so measures can be taken. Microclimatic and outdoor human thermal comfort conditions are investigated in various built-up and green areas in the city of Ghent (Belgium) using meteorological measurements of six weather stations of the MOCCA (Monitoring the Cities Climate and Atmosphere) network in combination with calculations done by RayMan.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Normal to extreme summer heat wave periods show that dangerous strong heat stress prevails during the daytime periods at all locations. Comparison of thermal comfort during normal and extreme summer heat wave periods showed that heat stress is more extreme when a heat wave is more intense. Overall the urban park in Ghent was the most comfortable location during heat waves since it effectively mitigates heat stress in the city. These results should be taken into account in urban planning and design to keep mid-latitude cities livable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Further, a one year data series revealed that outdoor cold stress was more apparent during 2017 in the mid-latitude city of Ghent that experiences a mild maritime climate. During spring and summer, both heat stress and cold stress occurred due to the larger diurnal temperature range compared to the other seasons. Even though high Physiological Equivalent Temperatures (PET) were obtained during a heat wave in summer, heat stress did not occur as intensely and as frequently compared to cold stress on annual level. It could thus be stated that outdoors, cold stress is a bigger threat than heat stress. However, one should keep in mind that the study was executed for outdoor thermal heat comfort and that people will take shelter or take measures when feeling uncomfortable. The question is thus rather, how are citizens protected against heat and cold stress? Currently, the Belgian society is better adapted to cold stress since most buildings contain central heating, while air conditioning is not standard. Future projections predict an increase in temperature, causing more occurrence of extreme heat stress, while extreme cold stress will be reduced. Additionally, the urban heat island effect currently has mainly a positive effect on the average annual outdoor thermal comfort conditions, while it will become a negative effect in the warmer future. Measures should thus be taken to reduce the threat of future heat stress.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Heavy metals in the soils Euro-Arctic territories

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyudmila F. Popova ◽  
Maria V. Nikitina ◽  
Yulia I. Andreeva ◽  
Anna N. Trofimova ◽  
Sergey S. Popov
Keyword(s):  
Pollution Index ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Novaya Zemlya ◽  
Arctic Soils ◽  
Maximum Permissible Concentrations ◽  
Mobile Forms ◽  
Metals Accumulation ◽  
Alluvial Meadow ◽  
Dangerous Level

The features of metal accumulation by the Arctic soils are analyzed. The data of a comparative analysis content of total and metals mobile forms in natural and anthropogenic soils in the Euro-Arctic region are presented. Such areas studied: Frans Joseph Land, Spitsbergen, Solovetsky, Novaya Zemlya, Kolguev Island, cape Kanin Nos, Varnek, Sosnovets Island. The chemical analysis was carried out with the use of modern instrumental methods and certified methods:  by X-ray fluorescence and atomic absorption methods. The degree of soil contamination was assessed by the maximum permissible concentrations exceeding and biogeochemical coefficients. Analysis of the experimental data has shown that metals accumulation by different types of soils is ambiguous: zinc and lead predominate in the arctic and tundra bog soils, manganese and cobalt  in the non-gley and gley tundra soils, and cobalt and lead in the podzolic and alluvial meadow soils. Correlation analysis revealed the dependence of the metals accumulation with such physicochemical parameters as the content of physical clay, organic matter and the pH of the soil solution. According to the total pollution index (Zc), calculated related to clark, a dangerous level of contamination have the Arctic soils of Pyramid settlement, tundra non-gley soils of cape Belyy  Nose, alluvial meadow acidic soils of Dixon settlement and peat soils of Sosnowiec Island. Tundra gley soils in Cape Kanin Nos have a moderately dangerous level of pollution. At the same time, the soils have an acceptable level of contamination with metals mobile forms. Practically all of the examined elements are represented by non-mobile forms, which are confirmed by the high value of the protective soils coefficients.

scholarly journals Sea Fishing and Hunting Artels on Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen in the 19th – Early 20th Centuries: The Structure and Legal Status

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Daniil S. Zaozerskiy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The State ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Internal Organization ◽  
Novaya Zemlya ◽  
Arkhangelsk Region ◽  
State Archives

During the 19th and early 20th centuries in the Arkhangelsk North, sea fishing and hunting were exercised by artels (collective associations). It can be explained by the region’s severe climate and difficult conditions for fishing and hunting, which make working by oneself impossible. This paper is relevant due to the almost complete lack of studies on the internal organization and legal status of sea fishing and hunting artels on Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Moreover, studies on these associations are necessary for further research into the Russian experience of sea bioresource exploitation in the Arctic during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The paper aimed to examine the structure and legal status of sea fishing and hunting artels on Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen throughout the aforementioned period. The materials included legal acts that regulated the work of artels in the 19th and early 20th centuries, published sources about fishing and hunting artels on Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen, as well as documents kept in the State Archives of the Arkhangelsk Region. To perform the analysis, the author utilized the historical-systematic and historicalgenetic methods. The article dwells on the rules and customs that existed in Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen artels during the period under study, revealing how the structure of these associations had been changing. In conclusion, the author identified the applicable area of law for these artels in the 19th and early 20th centuries as well as the principles that contributed to their preservation.

scholarly journals Impact of climate change on outdoor thermal comfort in cities in united states

2020 ◽  
Vol 158 ◽  
pp. 01002
Author(s):  
Yuqiao Huang ◽  
Dayi Lai ◽  
Yiqing Liu ◽  
Huang Xuan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United States ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stress Rate ◽  
Outdoor Thermal Comfort ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change

Since urban open spaces provide various benefits to the citizens, it is necessary to improve the outdoor thermal comfort in urban open spaces. However, global warming increases heat stress and at the same time decrease cold stress of outdoor spaces. The final impact of climate change on outdoor thermal comfort is not evident, and depends on the climate characteristics. This study investigated the influence of climate change on outdoor thermal comfort conditions of five selected cities (Minneapolis, New York City, San Francisco, Miami, and Las Vegas) with distinctive climate patterns in the United States. It is found that all cities suffered from deterioration in thermal comfort. This is because the increases in the heat stress rate were greater than the decreases in cold stress rate. In the 2080s, the greatest reduction in acceptable thermal stress rate happened in Miami from 44.7% to 21.3% under high emission scenario.

scholarly journals CEREBRAL ENERGYMETABOLISM REACTION TO COLD STRESS IN YOUNG PEOPLE LIVING IN THE ARCTIC REGION

Human Ecology ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
A. V. Gribanov ◽  
N. Yu. Anikina ◽  
I. S. Kozhevnikova ◽  
S. I. Malyavskaya ◽  
M. N. Pankov
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Arctic Region

scholarly journals ARKHANGELSK REGION

2019 ◽  
pp. 247-255
Author(s):  
Galina Antonovskaya ◽  
Yana Konechnaya ◽  
Natalya Vaganova ◽  
Alexey Morozov
Keyword(s):  
Barents Sea ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
Seismic Network ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Seismic Stations ◽  
East European ◽  
Regional Seismicity ◽  
Arkhangelsk Region ◽  
The North ◽  
New Association

An overview of regional seismicity registered by the Arkhangelsk seismic network is presented. In 2013 the Arkhangelsk seismic network included 9 digital seismic stations (ARH, KRR, PRG, TMC, PRO, LASH, SLV, AMD, and ZFI/ZFI2). A large number of technogenic events were recorded by the Arkhangelsk network in the north of the East European Platform (Arkhangelsk Region). Only 2 earthquakes were registered during the entire observation period: on October 22, 2005, at 17h46m with ML=2.9, and on March 28, 2013, at 07h02m with ML=3.4. The parameters of the hypocenter of the March 28, 2013 earthquake were evaluated using all currently available source data and bulletins of Russian and foreign seismic stations. The evaluation was done using the method of Generalized beamforming, in an improved form, implemented in the program NAS (New Association System). This earthquake is reprocessed using the same initial data (26 arrivals of seismic P- and S-phases from 13 seismic stations) by the NAS program. The epicentral distances ranged from 85 to 1800 km. The final parameters of the epicenter are as follows: 28.03.2013, t0=07:02:16.2, φ=63.95°N, λ=41.57°E. The epicenter is located 80 km south of Arkhangelsk in a sparsely populated area slightly west of the Severnaya Dvina River. The probable source depths lie in the interval from 2 to 33 km and the depth with the maximal value of the rating function is 19 km. A map of earthquakes in the Arctic region is provided. Earthquakes were registered by stations of the Arkhangelsk seismic network and processed together with the waveforms from other networks. The distribution of earthquakes correlates with the seismic zones of the Arctic – the Knipovich and Gakkel ridges, Spitsbergen. There are weak earthquakes on the shelf of the Barents Sea near the Frantz Josef land archipelago, as in 2012. They relate to the trench of Franz Victoria, the border of the continental slope, and the island of Bely. The coordinates of the epicenters of 290 earthquakes were determined in 2013. The representative level of the Euro-Arctic region's magnitude for 2013 according to the Arkhangelsk network was 2.9.

scholarly journals Assessment of the pathogenesis of visual impairment naval specialists of the arctic zone of the russian federation during the polar night

2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 84-89
Author(s):  
A. N. Zhekalov ◽  
I. Yu. Mishin
Keyword(s):  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Zone ◽  
Polar Night ◽  
Novaya Zemlya Archipelago ◽  
Novaya Zemlya ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Arctic Region

Introduction. The climatogeographic conditions of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation are determined by the proximity to the North Pole of the Earth and are characterized by a number of certain cyclical changes that do not take place in the middle latitudes — the polar day and the polar night. The high-latitude location determines the long period of the polar night, lasting from 98 to 133 days. Being the hallmark of the Arctic, the polar night is an integral part of service in the Arctic region, it has an impact on every geographically involved person, without exception.Purpose of work. To assess the mechanisms of the pathogenesis of visual impairment that develop during the polar night in naval specialists.Materials and research methods. The study involved 92 people. The surveyed contingent is male contract servicemen of the Navy, aged from 21 to 45 years. The analysis of the morbidity structure according to the ophthalmological profile was carried out during the polar night from November 20, 2020 to January 20, 2021 using an epidemiological method of a case-control study. The assessment of unfavorable climatic and geographical factors of the Arctic region during the polar night was carried out by the method of analytical observation and data recording from November 20, 2020 to January 20, 2021 using the example of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, Belushya Guba village. On the basis of an integral analysis of epidemiological indicators, climatogeographic and clinical and morphological observations, a pathophysiological assessment of diseases of the organ of vision, developing during the polar night in naval specialists, was carried out.Research results show a high level of ophthalmological morbidity during the polar night among naval specialists serving on the Novaya Zemlya archipelago.Conclusions. Climatogeographic factors of the Arctic region have a polyetiological effect on the formation of mechanisms of pathogenesis of disorders of visual functions that develop in naval specialists during the polar night.

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