On the Quality of Bare-Grained Oats and Influence of its Cultivation Technology Elements on the Yie

The research was carried out with the aim to establish the formation regularity of both yield and its elements, as well as to formulate technological and quality indicators of bare-grained oats under the influence of different sowing periods. The studies were carried out in the conditions of the northern forest-steppe zone of the Kemerovo region (Russia) on the territory belonging to the Kemerovo Research Institute of Agriculture, a branch of the SFNCA RAS in 2018-2019. The soil of the site is leached chernozem, heavy loamy in granulometric composition, of medium thickness. The object of research was the mid-season variety of bare-grained oats Bare-grained. The predecessor is pure steam. Sowing was carried out in three periods: early – on May 4 (when the soil was physically ripe, subsequent ones with an interval of 8-10 days, depending on the prevailing weather conditions), medium - on May 12 and 14, late - on May 20 and 24. Against the background of each sowing period, the seeding rates of 4.0 were studied; 4.5; 5.0; 5.5; 6.0 million crops/ha. It has been established that the optimal sowing time for obtaining high quantitative indicators (yield, number of grains, grain size) of bare-grained oats in the northern forest-steppe of the Kemerovo region is an early period (first decade of May); while a later period (third decade of May) is more promising for such high-quality indicators as protein content, fat in grain, essential and nonessential amino acids, etc. The optimal seeding rate for bare-grained oats at early sowing period is 4.0-4.5 million/ha. At a later period, it is advisable to increase the seeding rate to 5.0-5.5 million/ha.

Convection Modeling of Pure-steam Atmospheres

Condensable species are crucial to shaping planetary climate. A wide range of planetary climate systems involve understanding nondilute condensable substances and their influence on climate dynamics. There has been progress on large-scale dynamical effects and on 1D convection parameterization, but resolved 3D moist convection remains unexplored in nondilute conditions, though it can have a profound impact on temperature/humidity profiles and cloud structure. In this work, we tackle this problem for pure-steam atmospheres using three-dimensional, high-resolution numerical simulations of convection in postrunaway atmospheres. We show that the atmosphere is composed of two characteristic regions, an upper condensing region dominated by gravity waves and a lower noncondensing region characterized by convective overturning cells. Velocities in the condensing region are much smaller than those in the lower, noncondensing region, and the horizontal temperature variation is small. Condensation in the thermal photosphere is largely driven by radiative cooling and tends to be statistically homogeneous. Some condensation also happens deeper, near the boundary of the condensing region, due to triggering by gravity waves and convective penetrations and exhibits random patchiness. This qualitative structure is insensitive to varying model parameters, but quantitative details may differ. Our results confirm theoretical expectations that atmospheres close to the pure-steam limit do not have organized deep convective plumes in the condensing region. The generalized convective parameterization scheme discussed in Ding & Pierrehumbert is appropriate for handling the basic structure of atmospheres near the pure-steam limit but cannot capture gravity waves and their mixing which appear in 3D convection-resolving models.

Ecological assessment of the impact of agricultural activity on the emission of carbon dioxide from the leached chernozem of the Tobol-Ishim interfluve

The purpose of this work is to study carbon dioxide emissions from the surface of virgin and arable chernozem during the growing season of the Tobol-Ishim interfluve. Methods. The study was conducted on virgin land, in pure steam, under grain crops and corn from May to October. The intensity of carbon dioxide release was determined by the method of Shtatnov with titration in the field. Results. Based on previous studies, based on scientifically based approaches, as well as our own experimental data, the relationship between carbon dioxide emission and hydrothermal conditions of the humus layer (0–30 cm) was investigated, and the degree of influence of the type of land and crops on the release of CO2 from the surface of leached chernozem was determined. It has been established that the chernozems of Western Siberia are characterized by very low biological activity in the spring and autumn periods. CO2 emissions in May averaged 1.0–1.6 kg/ha per hour with a coefficient of variation of 8 %. The peak release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere occurs in June-July (2.6–6.5 kg/ha per hour). It was revealed that under grain crops the gaseous losses of C–CO2 in the summer period amount to 4.1–6.5 kg/ha per hour, and in the area of pure steam – 2.3–3.4 kg/ha. The determining role in the intensity of carbon dioxide release is played by the soil temperature (r = 0.7). During the years of research, there were no dry periods, which did not allow us to establish a reliable effect of soil moisture on CO2 emissions, the correlation coefficient was 0.2 units. Based on the results obtained, a low degree (12.8 %) of the influence of the type of land (virgin land/arable land) and crops (cereals/corn) on the intensity of carbon dioxide release into the atmosphere from the surface of chernozem was revealed. The maximum degree of influence was in hydrothermal soil conditions (65 %), on which the activity of the soil microbiota and the root system of plants depended. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the intensity of carbon dioxide release from the surface of leached chernozem was studied for the Tobol-Ishim interfluve and the degree of influence of the anthropogenic factor against the background of the hydrothermal regime of soil was established.

Global sensitivity analysis of a pure steam dropwise condensation heat transfer model

Established heat transfer models for dropwise condensation (DWC) consider wetting behavior, surface structure and nucleation dynamics to calculate the heat flux. However, model results often deviate from experiments, in part due to uncertainties of the model input parameters. In this study, we apply quantitative sensitivity analysis to a pure steam DWC heat transfer model in order to attribute the variation of the model result to its input parameters. Four scenarios with different variations of the model parameters are discussed and sensitivity coefficients for each parameter are calculated. Our results show a high sensitivity of the model result towards the coating thickness, the contact angle and the nucleation site density, underlining the need to accurately determine these parameters in DWC experiments.

INFLUENCE OF FUNGICIDAL TREATMENT ON YIELD AND GRAIN QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT

In 2017-2019, studies were carried out in the Republic of Tatarstan to study the effect of fungicidal treatment on the yield and grain quality of new varieties of winter wheat. The experiment scheme provided for the study of the following options: variety (factor A) - Darina, Nadezhda, Universiade; fungicidal treatment with Titul Duo at a dose of 0.25 l / ha in the heading phase (factor B), years (factor C). The predecessor is pure steam. The soil in the experiment was gray forest, medium loamy. Content in the arable layer: humus (according to Tyurin) - 3.1-3.4%; pHsal. - 5.2-5.5; K2O (according to Kirsanov) - 122-145 mg / kg of soil, P2O5 (according to Kirsanov) - 262-271 mg / kg of soil. Plot area - 25 m2. The yield and quality of grain largely depend on the phytosanitary state of winter wheat crops, in particular, on the development of diseases. The prevalence and harmfulness of leaf-stem diseases in wheat largely depends on the temperature conditions during the growing season of the crop and on the moisture conditions. As a result of the development of diseases, there is a significant decrease not only in yield, but also a deterioration in the quality characteristics of wheat grain. The highest percentage of prevalence (85%) and intensity of development (45.7%) of powdery mildew was observed in the Universiade variety. Evaluation of plants showed a low lesion of the leaf surface by leaf rust: from 18.6% in the Nadezhda variety to 24.6% in the Universiade variety. The biological effectiveness of protective measures in winter wheat crops when treated with a fungicide has been calculated. On average for varieties for three years, the biological effectiveness of the use of the drug Title Duo was more than 90%. The fungicide treatment increased the yield on average for the studied varieties by 0.55 t / ha. The maximum increase in grain yield was obtained for the Universiade variety - 0.68 t / ha. Indicators of technological quality of grain with an average for varieties increased after treatment with fungicide sowing: weight of 1000 grains per 2.2 grams; grain nature by 5.4 g / l; glassiness by 2.6%; evenness by 1.4%; the wet gluten content is 1.6%. According to the results of analysis of variance, a significant influence of the conditions of the year on the indicators of the technological quality of grain was established: on the nature of the grain (56.8%), the total glassiness of the grain (51.43%), the mass of 1000 grains (51.4%) and the gluten deformation index (52.37%). To a lesser extent, environmental conditions influenced the evenness of the grain (22.0%) and the mass fraction of gluten in the grain (21.66%). At the same time, the contribution of the fungicide to the formation of indicators of the technological quality of grain varied from 7.69% (grain evenness) to 32.43% (gluten content). The grain nature by 14.99% was determined by the fungicidal treatment of crops and only by 10.61% depended on the genotype