Effects of Turning Frequency on Ammonia Emission during the Composting of Chicken Manure and Soybean Straw

Here, we investigated the impact of different turning frequency (TF) on dynamic changes of N fractions, NH3 emission and bacterial/archaeal community during chicken manure composting. Compared to higher TF (i.e., turning every 1 or 3 days in CMS1 or CMS3 treatments, respectively), lower TF (i.e., turning every 5 or 7 days in CMS5 or CMS7 treatments, respectively) decreased NH3 emission by 11.42–18.95%. Compared with CMS1, CMS3 and CMS7 treatments, the total nitrogen loss of CMS5 decreased by 38.03%, 17.06% and 24.76%, respectively. Ammonia oxidizing bacterial/archaeal (AOB/AOA) communities analysis revealed that the relative abundance of Nitrosospira and Nitrososphaera was higher in lower TF treatment during the thermophilic and cooling stages, which could contribute to the reduction of NH3 emission. Thus, different TF had a great influence on NH3 emission and microbial community during composting. It is practically feasible to increase the abundance of AOB/AOA through adjusting TF and reduce NH3 emission the loss of nitrogen during chicken manure composting.

The administration’s effect of domestic soybean, lablab bean and lima bean content of genistein to improve the productivity of Bali cattle

Bali cattle plays a significant role as producers of food products for humans. Legumes are used in high-quality animal feed to increase productivity. This study analyzed the use ofdomestic Soybean (Glycine max), Lablab bean (Lablab purpureus), and Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) as the genistein in Bali cattle feed to shorten postpartum estrus. Different drying methods were applied by putting the ingredients in the oven at 55 ºC and the freeze dryer at -40 ºC.Further, genistein was detected using the Thin Layer Chromatography Method at UV 254 and 366 to determine the Rf value. The parameters measured include genistein detection and genistein identification as well as genistein content in legume straw. The data were analyzed descriptiveusing ANOVA and t-test. The result showed that only two samples adhered to the gel silica plate, including domestic soybean straw using the oven and freeze dryer (DSOD and DSFD), with 0.48 in DSOD and 0.51 in DSFD of Rf value, that is close to the genistein standard with the Rf value of 0.50 and purple colour as the colour of genistein standard. Moreover, the statistical analyses indicated significant differences in the genistein content of legumestraw between DSOD and DSFD (P<0.05), where DSOD=0.662g/100g and DSFD=1.770g/100g. The domestic soybean straw is regarded as a potential source ofBali cattle feed to improve productivity.

Cellulose Nanofibers and Reducing Sugars from Soybean Straw: An Investigation of the Enzymatic Activity and the Biomass Concentration Effect by Response Surface Methodology

This study investigated the effect of different conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis on the production of nanofibers and reducing sugars from soybean straw. The milled and sieved lignocellulosic biomass underwent two an alkaline pretreatment using NaOH 5% (PT1) or 17.5% (PT2), bleaching (H2O2 4%) and enzymatic (Optimash VR™; Dupont, USA) treatments. The effects of the enzymatic activity and the pretreated soybean straw concentration were evaluated using a Rotational Compound Central Design (DCCR) 22. An increase in the enzymatic activity and a decrease in the concentration of soybean in the suspension enhanced the production of sugars. This effect was due to the higher ratio of enzymatic activity/soybean straw pretreated concentration. Enzymatic activity disfavoured the nanofiber production for PT1, but favoured for PT2, probably due to the higher defibrillation when higher alkaline concentration is used. For both materials (PT1 and PT2), the lower soybean straw concentration furnished more stable suspensions. The optimal condition for the simultaneous production of reducing sugars and nanofibers was 4.0 g of biomass and enzymatic activity of 600 CMCU. This study shows that soybean straw has great potential for the industrial production of cellulose nanofibers and reducing sugars due to processing efficiency and low raw material cost.

Removal of basic nutrients from the soil by field crop rotations with different fertilizers

The effect of application of different doses and combinations of mineral fertilizers in field crop rotation on the content of basic nutrients in plants, economic and relative removal of winter wheat, corn, spring barley and soybeans was studied. Soil - Luvic Chernic Phaeozem. The scheme of the experiment includes 11 variants of combinations and separate application of mineral fertilizers and, including the variant without fertilizer. It was found that the level of nitrogen content of easily hydrolyzed compounds in the soil significantly affects its content in the grain of spring barley, corn, soybeans (R2 = 0,92–0,93), less - winter wheat (R2 = 0,63). The content of mobile phosphates in the soil has almost the same effect on its content in the main and non-commodity part of the crop, regardless of the crop (R2 = 0,39–0,70). The smallest relationship between the content of mobile compounds in the soil and in the crop was in potassium, but in soybean seeds and straw of spring barley and soybeans it was clearly traced (R2 = 0,53–0,68). Nitrogen (64,4–149,9 kg / ha) has the largest share in the economic extraction of nutrients with grain and seed yield, followed by phosphorus – 21,1–51,4 kg P2O5/ ha, depending on the crop. On the formation of the crop unit of marketable and the corresponding amount of non-marketable crop products absorb nutrients in the following ratio N : P2O5 : K2O: winter wheat – 1 : 0,4: 0,7; corn – 1 : 0,3 : 0,8; spring barley – 1 : 0,4 : 0,7 and soy – 1 : 0,4 : 0,4. With the non-commodity part of the crop, nitrogen with corn stalks returns to the soil from economic removal – 28–36 %, phosphorus with soybean straw (47–54 %) and potassium with winter wheat straw and corn stalks – 74–80 %, depending on the experiment variant.

In vitro germination, initial development and acclimatization of Cattleya nobilior Rchb. f. (Orchidaceae): an approach to curb the eventual endangerment of this exuberant, near-threatened Cerrado species

ABSTRACT: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different culture media on the in vitro germination and initial development of Cattleya nobilior, and to acclimatize this species using soybean straw as a substrate component, aiming the production of plants at large scale to reintroduce it in natural environments. Anatomical characteristics associated with development during acclimatization are also depicted. The influence of Murashige and Skoog, Knudson, and Vacin and Went culture media on the in vitro germination and protocorm development were assessed. Acclimatization was accomplished using different proportions of soybean straw (SS) and Bioplant (BP) as substrates. Anatomical studies were conducted on the leaves of plants during acclimatization. KC was the most suitable culture medium for both germination and initial development of C. nobilior. Regarding acclimatization, it is recommended that a substrate composed of 60% SR and 40% BP be initially used. Upon transfer to shade-house conditions, plants should be grown in a mix of 40% SR: and 60% BP. The leaf anatomical characteristics observed are typical of epiphytic orchids adapted to water-poor environments, which indicates that SR did not negatively affect the development of the species. The in vitro propagation of C. nobilior as described herein is efficient for its multiplication for commercial and conservation purposes and SS can be used as an alternative component of the substrate for its acclimatization. KEYWORDS: Foliar anatomy, culture media, soybean straw.