Nonparametric Assessment of Aftershock Clusters of the Maule Earthquake Mw = 8.8

Chile, as a country with a long history of strong seismicity, has a record of both a constant upgrading of its seismic design codes and structural systems, particularly for bridges, as a result of major earthquakes. Recent earthquakes in Chile have produced extensive damage to highway bridges, such as deck collapses, large transverse residual displacements, yielding and failure of shear keys, and unseating of the main girders, demonstrating that bridges are highly vulnerable structures. Much of this damage can be attributed to construction problems and poor detailing guidelines in design codes. After the 2010 Maule earthquake, new structural design criteria were incorporated for the seismic design of bridges in Chile. The most significant change was that a site coefficient was included for the estimation of the seismic design forces in the shear keys, seismic bars, and diaphragms. This article first traces the historical development of earthquakes and construction systems in Chile to provide a context for the evolution of Chilean seismic codes. It then describes the seismic performance of highway bridges during the 2010 Maule earthquake, including the description of the main failure modes observed in bridges. Finally, this article provides a comparison of the Chilean bridge seismic code against the Japanese and United States codes, considering that these codes have a great influence on the seismic codes for Chilean bridges. The article demonstrates that bridge design and construction practices in Chile have evolved substantially in their requirements for the analysis and design of structural elements, such as in the definition of the seismic hazard to be considered, tending toward more conservative approaches in an effort to improve structural performance and reliability for Chilean bridges.

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Nature and tectonic significance of co-seismic structures associated with the Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake, central-southern Chile forearc

Journal of Structural Geology ◽

10.1016/j.jsg.2011.03.004 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 891-897 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

C. Arriagada ◽

G. Arancibia ◽

J. Cembrano ◽

F. Martínez ◽

D. Carrizo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Southern Chile ◽

Tectonic Significance ◽

Maule Earthquake

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Seismic performance of steel structures during the 2010 Maule earthquake

Behaviour of Steel Structures in Seismic Areas ◽

10.1201/b11396-8 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 57-64

Keyword(s):

Seismic Performance ◽

Steel Structures ◽

Maule Earthquake ◽

2010 Maule Earthquake

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Determination of the complex frequencies for the normal modes below 1mHz after the 2010 Maule and 2011 Tohoku earthquakes

Annals of Geophysics ◽

10.4401/ag-6400 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 56 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Hao Ding ◽

Wen-Bin Shen

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Normal Modes ◽

Power Spectra ◽

Tohoku Earthquake ◽

Superconducting Gravimeter ◽

Width Ratio ◽

Maule Earthquake ◽

Attenuation Models ◽

First Time

Based upon SG (superconducting gravimeter) records, the autoregressive method proposed by Chao and Gilbert [1980] is used to determine the frequencies of the singlets of seven spheroidal modes (0S2, 2S1, 0S3, 0S4, 1S2, 0S0, and 3S1) and the degenerate frequencies of three toroidal modes (0T2, 0T3, and 0T4) below 1 mHz after two recent huge earthquakes, the 2010 Mw8.8 Maule earthquake and the 2011 Mw9.1 Tohoku earthquake. The corresponding quality factor Qs are also determined for those modes, of which the Qs of the five singlets of 1S2 and the five singlets (m=0, m=±2, and m=±3) of 0S4 are estimated for the first time using the SG observations. The singlet m=0 of 3S1 is clearly observed from the power spectra of the SG time series without using other special spectral analysis methods or special time series from pole station records. In addition, the splitting width ratio R of 3S1 is 0.99, and consequently we conclude that 3S1 is normally split. The frequencies and Qs of the modes below 1mHz may contribute to refining the 3D density and attenuation models of the Earth.

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Nonparametric Assessment of Aftershock Clusters of the Maule Earthquake Mw = 8.8

Journal of Data Science ◽

10.6339/jds.201310_11(4).0001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 623-638

Author(s):

Javier E. Contreras-Reyes

Keyword(s):

Maule Earthquake

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Illuminating subduction zone rheological properties in the wake of a giant earthquake

Science Advances ◽

10.1126/sciadv.aax6720 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (12) ◽

pp. eaax6720 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Jonathan R. Weiss ◽

Qiang Qiu ◽

Sylvain Barbot ◽

Tim J. Wright ◽

James H. Foster ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Subduction Zone ◽

Subduction Zones ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Surface Strain ◽

Postseismic Deformation ◽

Crust And Upper Mantle ◽

Plate Convergence ◽

Maule Earthquake ◽

History Of ◽

Dependent Viscosity

Deformation associated with plate convergence at subduction zones is accommodated by a complex system involving fault slip and viscoelastic flow. These processes have proven difficult to disentangle. The 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake occurred close to the Chilean coast within a dense network of continuously recording Global Positioning System stations, which provide a comprehensive history of surface strain. We use these data to assemble a detailed picture of a structurally controlled megathrust fault frictional patchwork and the three-dimensional rheological and time-dependent viscosity structure of the lower crust and upper mantle, all of which control the relative importance of afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation during postseismic deformation. These results enhance our understanding of subduction dynamics including the interplay of localized and distributed deformation during the subduction zone earthquake cycle.

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Contrasting seismic risk for Santiago, Chile, from near-field and distant earthquake sources

10.5194/nhess-2019-30 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Ekbal Hussain ◽

John R. Elliott ◽

Vitor Silva ◽

Mabé Vilar-Vega ◽

Deborah Kane

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Seismic Risk ◽

Near Field ◽

Active Faults ◽

Rapid Expansion ◽

Seismic Risk Analysis ◽

Earthquake Sources ◽

Maule Earthquake ◽

The City ◽

Distant Earthquake

Abstract. More than half of all the people in the world now live in dense urban centres. The rapid expansion of cities, particularly in low-income nations, has enabled the economic and social development of millions of people. However, many of these cities are located near active tectonic faults that have not produced an earthquake in recent memory, raising the risk of losing the hard-earned progress through a devastating earthquake. In this paper we explore the possible impact that earthquakes can pose to the city of Santiago in Chile from various potential near-field and distant earthquake sources. We use high resolution stereo satellite imagery and derived digital elevation models to accurately map the trace of the San Ramón Fault, a recently recognised active fault located along the eastern margins of the city. We use scenario based seismic risk analysis to compare and contrast the estimated damage and losses to the city from several potential earthquake sources and one past event, comprising (i) rupture of the San Ramón Fault, (ii) a hypothesised buried shallow fault beneath the centre of the city, (iii) a deep intra-slab fault, and (iv) the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake. We find that there is a strong magnitude-distance trade-off in terms of damage and losses to the city, with smaller magnitude earthquakes on more local faults, in the magnitude range 6–7.5, producing 9 to 17 times more damage to the city and estimated fatalities compared to the great magnitude 8+ earthquakes located offshore on the subduction zone. Our calculations for this part of Chile show that unreinforced masonry structures are the most vulnerable to these types of earthquake shaking. We identify particularly vulnerable districts, such as Ñuñoa, Santiago and Macul, where targeted retrofitting campaigns would be most effective at reducing potential economic and human losses. Due to the potency of near-field earthquake sources demonstrated here, our work highlights the importance of also identifying and considering proximal minor active faults for cities in seismic zones globally, in addition to the more major distant large fault zones that are typically focused on in the assessment of hazard.

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Risk Factors and Perceived Restoration in a Town Destroyed by the 2010 Chile Tsunami

10.5194/nhess-2016-256 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Carolina Martínez ◽

Octavio Rojas ◽

Paula Villagra ◽

Rafael Aránguiz ◽

Katia Sáez-Carrillo

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Principal Component ◽

Large Earthquake ◽

Similar Degree ◽

Restorative Environments ◽

Reconstruction Process ◽

Maule Earthquake ◽

The 2010 Chile Tsunami ◽

Chile Tsunami ◽

Post Disaster

Abstract. A large earthquake and tsunami took place in February 2010, affecting a significant part of the Chilean coast (Maule earthquake (Mw = 8.8). Dichato (37° S), a small town located on Coliumo Bay, was one of the most devastated coastal places and is currently under reconstruction. Therefore, the risk factors which explain the disaster at that time as well as perceived restoration 6 years after the event were analyzed in the present paper. Numerical modeling of the 2010 Chile tsunami with four nested grids was applied to estimate the hazard. Physical, socio-economic and educational dimensions of vulnerability were analyzed for pre- and post-disaster conditions. A perceived restoration study was performed to assess the effects of reconstruction on the community and a principal component analysis was applied for post-disaster conditions. The vulnerability factors that best explained the extent of the disaster were housing conditions, low household incomes and limited knowledge about tsunami events, which conditioned inadequate reactions to the emergency. These factors still constitute the same risks as a result of the reconstruction process, establishing that the occurrence of a similar event would result in a similar degree of disaster. For post-earthquake conditions, it was determined that all neighborhoods have the potential to be restorative environments soon after a tsunami. However, some neighborhoods are still located in areas devastated by the 2010 tsunami and present a high vulnerability to future tsunamis. Therefore, it may be stated that these areas will probably be destroyed again in case of future events.

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Assessing disaster capitalism in post-disaster processes in Chile: neoliberal reforms and the role of the corporate class

Disaster Prevention and Management An International Journal ◽

10.1108/dpm-01-2020-0005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (6) ◽

pp. 831-847

Author(s):

Vicente Sandoval ◽

Claudia Gonzalez-Muzzio ◽

Carlos Villalobos ◽

Juan Pablo Sarmiento ◽

Gabriela Hoberman

Keyword(s):

Private Sector ◽

Private Funding ◽

Content Type ◽

Neoliberal Reforms ◽

Maule Earthquake ◽

Disaster Capitalism ◽

2010 Maule Earthquake ◽

Cross Case Analysis ◽

Post Disaster

PurposeThis paper examines disaster capitalism in Chile, that is, the relationships between disasters and neoliberalism. It looks at two post-disaster dimensions: disasters as windows of opportunity to introduce political reforms and disasters as occasions for the corporate class to capitalize on such disasters.Design/methodology/approachTwo indices, disaster capitalism (DC) and post-disaster private involvement (PDPI), are proposed for cross-case analysis. They are based on legal records, institutional reports and economic data. The DC assesses the introduction of reforms following disasters, while PDPI evaluates the share of public-private funding used for recovery. Both indices are applied here to two disasters in Chile: the 2010 Maule earthquake, and the 2008 Chaitén volcanic eruption.FindingsResults show that the highly neoliberal Chilean context leaves limited space for new neoliberal reforms. Although recovery is implemented predominantly through the private sector, the state still assumes greater responsibility for recovery costs. Results also detect poor levels of participation from the private sector in accounting their efforts and making them publicly available. Likewise, the research suggests that neoliberal reforms become more likely after disasters. However, the preexisting politico-economic context matters. Finally, there is clearly a need for data systematization in post-disaster recovery.Originality/valueIn the Chilean context, the indices proved beneficial as a strategy for data collection and a method for scrutinizing the implications of neoliberal policy implemented in the wake of disasters, as well as in evaluating the role of the corporate class during recovery.

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Co-Seismic and Post-Seismic Temporal and Spatial Gravity Changes of the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule Chile Earthquake Observed by GRACE and GRACE Follow-on

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12172768 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (17) ◽

pp. 2768

Author(s):

Wei Qu ◽

Yaxi Han ◽

Zhong Lu ◽

Dongdong An ◽

Qin Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gravitational Field ◽

Hanging Wall ◽

Suppressive Effect ◽

Gravity Gradient ◽

Dislocation Model ◽

Seismogenic Fault ◽

First Order ◽

Gravity Changes ◽

Maule Earthquake ◽

Temporal And Spatial

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-on (GRACE-FO) satellites are important for studying regional gravitational field changes caused by strong earthquakes. In this study, we chose Chile, one of Earth’s most active seismic zones to explore the co-seismic and post-seismic gravitational field changes of the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake based on longer-term GRACE and the newest GRACE-FO data. We calculated the first-order co-seismic gravity gradient changes (GGCs) and probed the geodynamic characteristics of the earthquake. The earthquake caused significant positive gravity change on the footwall and negative gravity changes on the hanging wall of the seismogenic fault. The time series of gravity changes at typical points all clearly revealed an abrupt change caused by the earthquake. The first-order northern co-seismic GGCs had a strong suppressive effect on the north-south strip error. GRACE-FO results showed that the latest post-seismic gravity changes had obvious inherited development characteristics, and that the west coast of Chile maybe still affected by the post-seismic effect. The cumulative gravity changes simulated based on viscoelastic dislocation model is approximately consistent with the longer-term GRACE and the newest GRACE-FO observations. Our results provide important reference for understanding temporal and spatial gravity variations associated with the co-seismic and post-seismic processes of the 2010 Maule earthquake.

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