scholarly journals The relationship of Wolbachia infection and different phenotypes in the Drosophila melanogaster natural populations from radioactively polluted and clear areas in Ukraine

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. V. Gora ◽  
S. V. Serga ◽  
O. M. Maistrenko ◽  
O. V. Protsenko ◽  
I. A. Kozeretska
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Wolbachia Infection ◽  
Phenotypic Change ◽  
Incomplete Penetrance ◽  
Isofemale Lines ◽  
Exclusion Zone ◽  
Phenotypic Changes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cross Vein

Aim. The study was performed to investigate the relationship between Wolbachia infection and phenotypes that distinct from wild-type of Drosophila melanogaster from different localities in Ukraine including those from Chornobyl Exclusion Zone during 2013–2014. Methods. We have established isofemale lines from populations: Uman’, Inkerman, Odesa, Varva, Kyiv, Drogobych, Yaniv, Poliske, Chornobyl, and Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant (NPP). The ambient radiation (µSv/h) was measured in the sample sites. The flies were reared in the laboratory through two generations. We carried out the observation of F2 flies for visibly detectable phenotypes. According to whether the trait was inherited, observations were separated into three categories: with deviations of posterior cross-vein (C2) (incomplete penetrance), visible phenotypic changes (non-inherited) and mutations (inherited). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers specific to the 16S rRNA and Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) genes were used to determine infection presence in isofemale lines of the flies established for each population. Results. Examination of different phenotypes indicates that the highest mutation rate (but not C2 and not inherited changes) is in populations from Chornobyl Exclusion Zone and, therefore, connection with ambient radiation was detected (p = 0.0241). Generalized mixed linear regression has shown evidence that the presence of phenotypes with defects of C2 vein varies with endosymbiont infection presence (p = 0.03473) in the populations from radioactively polluted areas. Conclusion. Wolbachia is not related to occurring phenotypes neither with phenotypic changes nor with mutations, at least in surveyed populations. However, C2 defected phenotypes relates to the bacterial presence in populations from the contaminated area. Nonetheless, the origin of this relationship is unknown and the mechanisms of such a connection require further research. Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster, Wolbachia, endosymbiont, ambient radiation, mutation, phenotypic change, posterior cross-vein.

scholarly journals The relationship between the rate of transposition and transposable element copy number for copia and Doc retrotransposons of Drosophila melanogaster

1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELENA G. PASYUKOVA ◽  
SERGEY V. NUZHDIN ◽  
DMITRY A. FILATOV
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Transposition Rate ◽  
Copy Numbers ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Relationship

We present data on the relationship between the rate of transposition and copy number in the genome for the copia and Doc retrotransposons of Drosophila melanogaster. copia and Doc transposition rates were directly measured in sublines of the isogenic 2b line using individual males or females, respectively, with a range of copia copy numbers from 49 to 103 and Doc copy numbers from 112 to 235 per genome. Transposition rates varied from 3×10−4 to 2×10−2 for copia and from 2×10−4 to 2×10−3 for Doc. A positive relationship between transposition rate and copy number was found both for copia and for Doc when the data were analysed across all the 2b individuals; no significant correlation was found when the data were analysed across the subline means for both retrotransposons tested. Overall, correlation between copia and Doc transposition rate and their copy number in the genome, if any, was not negative, which would be expected if transposable elements (TEs) self-regulate their copy number. Thus, for copia and Doc no evidence for self-regulation was provided, and at least for these two TEs this hypothesis is not favoured for explaining the maintenance of the stable copy number that is characteristic for natural populations. The transposition rate of copia was measured twice, and a strong positive correlation between copy number and transposition rate both across individuals and subline means was found in 1994, while in 1995 no correlation was found. This fact is in agreement with the hypothesis that a positive correlation between the rate of transposition and TE copy number may be a default starting point for future host–TE coevolution.

scholarly journals The pace of modern life, revisited

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Sanderson ◽  
Marc-Olivier Beausoleil ◽  
Rose E. O'dea ◽  
Zachary T. Wood ◽  
Cristian Correa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Species Traits ◽  
Evolutionary Change ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Phenotypic Change ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Human Disturbances ◽  
Phenotypic Changes ◽  
Rates Of Change

Wild populations must continuously adapt to environmental changes or they risk extinction. Such adaptations can be measured as phenotypic rates of change and can allow us to predict patterns of contemporary evolutionary change. About two decades ago, a dataset of phenotypic rates of change in wild populations was compiled. Since then, researchers have used (and expanded) this dataset to look at microevolutionary processes in relation to specific types of human disturbances. Here, we have updated the dataset adding 5257 estimates of phenotypic changes and used it to revisit established patterns of contemporary evolutionary change. Using this newer version, containing 6920 estimates of phenotypic changes, we revisit the conclusions of four published articles. We then synthesize the expanded dataset to compare rates of change across different types of human disturbance. Analyses of this expanded dataset suggests that: 1) a small absolute difference in rates of change exists between human disturbed and natural populations, 2) harvesting by humans results in larger rates of change than other types of disturbances, 3) introduced populations have increased rates of change, and 4) body size does not increase through time. Overall, findings from earlier analyses have largely held-up in analyses of our new dataset that encompass a much larger breadth of species, traits, and human disturbances. Lastly, we found that types of human disturbances affect rates of phenotypic change and we call for this database to serve as a stepping stone for further analyses to understand patterns of contemporary evolution.

INTERACTION IN TRANSMISSION FREQUENCY BETWEEN THE SECOND AND THE THIRD CHROMOSOMES IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 669-677
Author(s):  
Yuichiro Hiraizumi
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Isofemale Lines ◽  
The Third ◽  
Heterozygous Male ◽  
Mendelian Expectation ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

ABSTRACT Wild second and third chromosomes from isofemale lines established from wild-inseminated females captured in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster in Hawaii, New York, North Carolina and Texas were made heterozygous in males with marked second and third chromosomes from a laboratory strain, and the transmission frequencies of the wild second (= k  2) and the third (= k  3) chromosomes from the heterozygous male parents were measured. Based upon the preliminary tests of k  2, the isofemale lines were classified into two groups; group A included those lines showing average k  2 values considerably smaller than the Mendelian expectation of 0.5, and group B included those lines showing average k  2 values close to 0.5. Effects of the wild second chromosomes on k  2 in group A were suppressed (the average k  2 values increased) by the presence of the wild third chromosomes, whereas the wild second chromosomes in this group, in turn, caused a decrease in k  3 of the wild third chromosomes. The intensities of the observed effects were more or less comparable in their absolute values, and these phenomena do not appear to be due to differential viabilities of zygotes. No such interaction was observed between the wild second and third chromosomes in group B. An extention of the model of the Segregation Distorter system of D. melanogaster, as well as a model based upon the P-M system of hybrid dysgenesis, may explain the observed results.

Population Dynamics of the Wolbachia Infection Causing Cytoplasmic Incompatibility in Drosophila melanogaster

Genetics ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ary A Hoffmann ◽  
Miriam Hercus ◽  
Hayat Dagher
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Cytoplasmic Incompatibility ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Wolbachia Infection ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Infection Status ◽  
Factors Influencing

Abstract Field populations of Drosophila melanogaster are often infected with Wolbachia, a vertically transmitted microorganism. Under laboratory conditions the infection causes partial incompatibility in crosses between infected males and uninfected females. Here we examine factors influencing the distribution of the infection in natural populations. We show that the level of incompatibility under field conditions was much weaker than in the laboratory. The infection was not transmitted with complete fidelity under field conditions, while field males did not transmit the infection to uninfected females and Wolbachia did not influence sperm competition. There was no association between field fitness as measured by fluctuating asymmetry and the infection status of adults. Infected field females were smaller than uninfecteds in some collections from a subtropical location, but not in other collections from the same location. Laboratory cage studies showed that the infection did not change in frequency when populations were maintained at a low larval density, but it decreased in frequency at a high larval density. Monitoring of infection frequencies in natural populations indicated stable frequencies in some populations but marked fluctuations in others. Simple models suggest that the infection probably provides a fitness benefit for the host in order to persist in populations. The exact nature of this benefit remains elusive.

scholarly journals Extensive epistasis for olfactory behaviour, sleep and waking activity in Drosophila melanogaster

2012 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHILPA SWARUP ◽  
SUSAN T. HARBISON ◽  
LAUREN E. HAHN ◽  
TATIANA V. MOROZOVA ◽  
AKIHIKO YAMAMOTO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Epistatic Interactions ◽  
Epistatic Effects ◽  
Chromosome Substitution Lines ◽  
Pleiotropic Gene ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Olfactory Behaviour ◽  
New Mutations

SummaryEpistasis is an important feature of the genetic architecture of quantitative traits, but the dynamics of epistatic interactions in natural populations and the relationship between epistasis and pleiotropy remain poorly understood. Here, we studied the effects of epistatic modifiers that segregate in a wild-derived Drosophila melanogaster population on the mutational effects of P-element insertions in Semaphorin-5C (Sema-5c) and Calreticulin (Crc), pleiotropic genes that affect olfactory behaviour and startle behaviour and, in the case of Crc, sleep phenotypes. We introduced Canton-S B (CSB) third chromosomes with or without a P-element insertion at the Crc or Sema-5c locus in multiple wild-derived inbred lines of the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) and assessed the effects of epistasis on the olfactory response to benzaldehyde and, for Crc, also on sleep. In each case, we found substantial epistasis and significant variation in the magnitude of epistasis. The predominant direction of epistatic effects was to suppress the mutant phenotype. These observations support a previous study on startle behaviour using the same D. melanogaster chromosome substitution lines, which concluded that suppressing epistasis may buffer the effects of new mutations. However, epistatic effects are not correlated among the different phenotypes. Thus, suppressing epistasis appears to be a pervasive general feature of natural populations to protect against the effects of new mutations, but different epistatic interactions modulate different phenotypes affected by mutations at the same pleiotropic gene.

scholarly journals Drosophila-host genetic control of susceptibility to Drosophila C virus.

Genetics ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
pp. 1289-1295
Author(s):  
M Thomas-Orillard ◽  
B Jeune ◽  
G Cusset
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Gene Action ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Isofemale Lines ◽  
Tolerant Strain ◽  
Geographical Population ◽  
F1 Progeny ◽  
Host Genetic ◽  
Chromosome Iii ◽  
F2 Progeny

Abstract Interactions between Drosophila C virus (DCV) and its natural host, Drosophila melanogaster, were investigated using 15 geographical population samples infected by intraabdominal inoculation. These strains derived from natural populations of D. melanogaster differed in susceptibility to the DCVc. One strain was "partially tolerant". Isofemale lines obtained from one susceptible and one partially tolerant strain were studied. The partially tolerant phenotype was dominant, and there was no difference between F1 progeny of direct and reciprocal crosses. Analysis of F2 progeny showed that neither sex-linked genes nor maternal effects are involved in susceptibility to DCVc. The partially tolerant strain phenotype was dominant and segregated with chromosome III. Two nonexclusive hypotheses are proposed to explain chromosome III gene action.

scholarly journals Hybrid dysgenesis in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster in Japan. II. Strains which cannot induce P-M dysgenesis may completely suppress functional P element activity

1987 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuko Hagiwara ◽  
Etsuko Nakamura ◽  
Etsuko T. Matsuura ◽  
Sadao I. Chigusa
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Hybrid Dysgenesis ◽  
P Element ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
Secondary Mutation ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Isofemale Lines ◽  
Male Recombination ◽  
Element Activity

SummaryMany inbred and isofemale lines derived from wild populations of Drosophila melanogaster were tested for gonadal dysgenic sterility, male recombination and snw secondary mutation. Among them, we have found strains whose dysgenic offspring show negligible sterility, and undetectable male recombination and snw mutation. They can be considered to be neutral strains in the strict sense. Such neutral strains appear to carry only defective P elements in their genomes. Taking the observations of Karess & Rubin (1984) into account, it is suggested that some defective P elements retain the function necessary for P cytotype. Cytotype determination mechanisms are discussed.

Climate Factors and Wolbachia Infection Frequencies in Natural Populations of Drosophila melanogaster

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. V. Gora ◽  
S. V. Serga ◽  
O. M. Maistrenko ◽  
A. Ślęzak-Parnikoza ◽  
I. Yu. Parnikoza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Wolbachia Infection ◽  
Climate Factors

Tumori in Diverse Specie Del Genere Drosophila

1953 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danko Brncic ◽  
Susie Koref
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Incomplete Penetrance ◽  
Tumor Bearing ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Different Strains

Melanotic bodies, in all similar to the tumors described in Drosophila melanogaster, were found in natural populations of the following species of the genus Drosophila: D. campestris, D. bainderantorum, D. bocainensis. D. griseolineata, D. guaramunú, D. immigrans, D. mediostriata, D. mediopunctata, D. nebulosa, D. repleta, D. simulans, D. sturtevanti, D. virilis, D. willstoni. In stocks maintained in the laboratory for a long time, it was determined that the frequency of tumors varied from 0 to 5‰, with a mean value of 1-2‰. The highest percentage was found in the D. sturtevanti - Belem strain (2.08%). Different strains from a same species had different tumor frequencies. The study of the offspring of tumor bearing flies, and the cross of strains selected for a high frequency of tumors, reveled that these were inherited through rcessive genes of incomplete penetrance. As in D. melanogaster, the tumors appear in the larval stage and regress at the end of this period loading themeselves with melanic pigments. These melanized tumor rests persist in the pupae and adults’ as foreing bodies which apparently produce no important alterations to their bearers.

scholarly journals SELECTION COMPONENTS IN BACKGROUND REPLACEMENT LINES OF DROSOPHILA

Genetics ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-200
Author(s):  
Andrew G Clark ◽  
Jørgen Bundgaard
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Linkage Disequilibrium ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Isofemale Lines ◽  
Statistical Confidence ◽  
Components Analysis

ABSTRACT Selection components analysis was performed in lines of Drosophila melanogaster at three times during substitution backcrossing. The initial two lines were inbred isofemale lines from natural populations in California, and one had the spread wing mutation eagle. The selection components analysis revealed aspects of the genetic structure of the determinants of fitness by demonstrating changes in the marginal fitnesses of the eagle locus. Differences among backgrounds essentially disappeared by the 20th generation of backcrossing, suggesting that the previously observed differences were attributable to linkage disequilibrium. The method of bootstrapping was used as a novel means of determining statistical confidence in selection components.

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