We counseled 174 possible or obligatory carriers of hemophilia “A” between January 1975-January 1980. Pedigree information provided a pedigree probability, πC, and blood samples the likelihood ratio favoring carriership (L.R.). The latter was arrived at from 2 bioassays of F. VIII activity (VIII:C & VIIIR:Ag) by linear discriminant analysis. Each consultand received counsel based on a final probability, P(C), produced by combining πC and L.R. Eighty % of the values of P(C) were either very high or very low which meant that clear-cut advice could usually be given. There were 29 obligatory carriers, 16 mothers of sporadic hemophiliacs, 73 sisters of hemophiliacs, and 56 more distant relatives. The individual values of P(C) could be used within each subset of carriers to relate mendelian expectation and observation. There were very few low P(C)s among mothers of sporadics suggesting that almost all were carriers. As a result, we now consider 0.8 to be a conservative πc for mothers of sporadics. Four women with low P(C)s were present among 29 obligatory carriers. This provided an estimate of negative diagnostic error (4/29=14%) and probably represented the effects of “lyonization”. The observedrexpected ratios of high:low P(C)s were normal among sisters of hemophiliacs and second and third degree relatives. Ten % of our consultands were pregnant when first seen. Twelve mothers with low P(C)s produced 11 liveborn, non-hemophilic children, 7 girls and 4 boys. Four with high P(C)s requested amniocentesis; 3 males were discovered and 2 were aborted. Five possible carriers with high P(C)s who had been seen before pregnancy, returned for assistance after becoming pregnant. All 5 requested amniocentesis, and fetoscopy if a male were present, and 4 males were fetoscoped. Two diagnosed as non-hemophilic in utero proved to be normal after delivery. A third could not be diagnosed, but was non-hemophilic at birth. The fourth, a hemophiliac, did not survive the procedure.