scholarly journals Extensive epistasis for olfactory behaviour, sleep and waking activity in Drosophila melanogaster

2012 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHILPA SWARUP ◽  
SUSAN T. HARBISON ◽  
LAUREN E. HAHN ◽  
TATIANA V. MOROZOVA ◽  
AKIHIKO YAMAMOTO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Epistatic Interactions ◽  
Epistatic Effects ◽  
Chromosome Substitution Lines ◽  
Pleiotropic Gene ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Olfactory Behaviour ◽  
New Mutations

SummaryEpistasis is an important feature of the genetic architecture of quantitative traits, but the dynamics of epistatic interactions in natural populations and the relationship between epistasis and pleiotropy remain poorly understood. Here, we studied the effects of epistatic modifiers that segregate in a wild-derived Drosophila melanogaster population on the mutational effects of P-element insertions in Semaphorin-5C (Sema-5c) and Calreticulin (Crc), pleiotropic genes that affect olfactory behaviour and startle behaviour and, in the case of Crc, sleep phenotypes. We introduced Canton-S B (CSB) third chromosomes with or without a P-element insertion at the Crc or Sema-5c locus in multiple wild-derived inbred lines of the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) and assessed the effects of epistasis on the olfactory response to benzaldehyde and, for Crc, also on sleep. In each case, we found substantial epistasis and significant variation in the magnitude of epistasis. The predominant direction of epistatic effects was to suppress the mutant phenotype. These observations support a previous study on startle behaviour using the same D. melanogaster chromosome substitution lines, which concluded that suppressing epistasis may buffer the effects of new mutations. However, epistatic effects are not correlated among the different phenotypes. Thus, suppressing epistasis appears to be a pervasive general feature of natural populations to protect against the effects of new mutations, but different epistatic interactions modulate different phenotypes affected by mutations at the same pleiotropic gene.

scholarly journals Genetic variation in the dietary sucrose modulation of enzyme activities in Drosophila melanogaster

1984 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Billy W. Geer ◽  
Cathy C. Laurie-Ahlberg
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Krebs Cycle ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Chromosome Substitution Lines ◽  
High Sucrose Diet ◽  
Selection Of

SUMMARYGenetic variation in the modulating effect of dietary sucrose was assessed in Drosophila melanogaster by examining 27 chromosome substitution lines coisogenic for the X and second chromosomes and possessing different third isogenic chromosomes derived from natural populations. An increase in the concentration of sucrose from 0·1% to 5% in modified Sang's medium C significantly altered the activities of 11 of 15 enzyme activities in third instar larvae, indicating that dietary sucrose modulates many, but not all, of the enzymes of D. melanogaster. A high sucrose diet promoted high activities of enzymes associated with lipid and glycogen synthesis and low activities of enzymes of the glycolytic and Krebs cycle pathways, reflecting the physiological requirements of the animal. Analyses of variance revealed significant genetic variation in the degrees to which sucrose modulated several enzyme activities. Analysis of correlations revealed some relationships between enzymes in the genetic effects on the modulation process. These observations suggest that adaptive evolutionary change may depend in part on the selection of enzyme activity modifiers that are distributed throughout the genome.

scholarly journals GENETIC VARIATION AFFECTING THE EXPRESSION OF CATALASE IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER: CORRELATIONS WITH RATES OF ENZYME SYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION

Genetics ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-448
Author(s):  
Glenn C Bewley ◽  
Cathy C Laurie-Ahlberg
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Enzyme Synthesis ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Chromosome Substitution Lines ◽  
Intracellular Degradation ◽  
Steady State Levels ◽  
Catalase Protein ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation

ABSTRACT Both second and third chromosome substitution lines isolated from natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster affect the expression of catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) at both the larval and adult stages of development. In each case, the level of catalase activity is strongly related to the level of catalase-specific cross-reacting material. Turnover studies employing the catalase inhibitor 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole were conducted on a selected number of lines. Although the variation in steady state levels of catalase protein was highly significant among lines, variation in intracellular degradation rate was not. These results suggest that the different steady state levels observed among lines largely reflect different rates of catalase synthesis.

scholarly journals Incipient Speciation by Sexual Isolation in Drosophila melanogaster: Extensive Genetic Divergence Without Reinforcement

Genetics ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 147 (3) ◽  
pp. 1191-1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hope Hollocher ◽  
Chau-Ti Ting ◽  
Mao-Lien Wu ◽  
Chug-I Wu
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Sexual Isolation ◽  
Chromosome Substitution ◽  
Incipient Speciation ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Epistatic Interactions ◽  
Chromosome Substitution Lines ◽  
Comparable Magnitude

The collection of Drosophila melanogaster from Zimbabwe and nearby regions (the Z-type) yield females who would not mate with the cosmopolitan D. melanogaster males (the M-type). To dissect the genetic basis of this sexual isolation, we constructed 16 whole-chromosome substitution lines between two standard Z- and M-lines. The results were as follows: (1) All substitution lines appear normal in viability and fertility in both sexes, indicating no strong postmating isolation. (2) The genes for the behaviors are mapped to all three major chromosomes with the same ranking and comparable magnitude of effects for both sexes: III > II ⪢ X ≥ 0 (III, II and X designate the effects of the three chromosomes). The results suggest less evolution on the X than on autosomes at loci of sexual behavior. (3) The genes for “Z-maleness” are many and somewhat redundant. Whole-chromosome effects for Z-maleness appear nearly additive and show little dominance. (4) In contrast, “Z-femaleness” has less redundancy as partial genotypes never exhibit full phenotypic effects. Epistatic interactions and incomplete dominance can sometimes be detected. (5) The extensive genetic divergence underlying sexual isolation has evolved in the absence of detectable reduction in hybrid fitnesses. Sexual selection has apparently been a driving force of multiple facets of speciation at the nascent stage without reinforcement.

scholarly journals EVIDENCE FOR COADAPTATION: NEGATIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN LETHAL GENES AND POLYMORPHIC INVERSIONS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-702
Author(s):  
Takao K Watanabe ◽  
Tsuneyuki Yamazaki
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Position Effect ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Gene Arrangement ◽  
Induced Mutations ◽  
And Inversion ◽  
Lethal Genes ◽  
New Mutations

ABSTRACT Through examination of all available data on lethal and inversion frequencies on the second chromosome in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster, we have discovered that there is a clear negative correlation between the two quantities. Lethal genes are located more densely on the regions of standard gene arrangement than the inverted regions, and this accounts for the negative correlation. To reveal the underlying mechanism of the phenomena, we have carried out an experiment and found that effect of EMS-induced mutations on the inversion-carrying chromosome is more severe than that on the standard chromosome. We interpret these results as evidence for coadaptation or position-effect within the inversion chromosomes. New mutations within the coadapted gene complex are quickly eliminated from the population and polymorphic inversions are kept free of mutants through selective elimination.

scholarly journals NATURALLY OCCURRING ENZYME ACTIVITY VARIATION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. II. RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ENZYMES

Genetics ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-221
Author(s):  
A N Wilton ◽  
C C Laurie-Ahlberg ◽  
T H Emigh ◽  
J W Curtsinger
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Mitochondrial Enzymes ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Chromosome Substitution ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Chromosome Substitution Lines ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Correlated Activity

ABSTRACT This report describes an investigation of the specificities of the genetic effects, caused by whole chromosome substitution, on the activities of 23 enzymes in Drosophila melanogaster. Two types of correlation estimates are examined, the product-moment correlation over the chromosome substitution line means and the corresponding correlation of line effects, which is a standardized covariance component estimate. The two types of correlations give very similar results. Although there is ample evidence for specific line effects on individual enzyme activities, there are extensive intercorrelations among many of the enzymes for both second- and third-chromosome substitution lines. The pattern of correlations with respect to the metabolic functions or other properties of the enzymes is difficult to visualize by inspection of the correlation matrix, so a multivariate graphical technique, the biplot (Gabriel 1971), was employed to obtain a two-dimensional view of relationships among the enzyme activities. The second and third chromosome lines show similar patterns. Four of the five mitochondrial enzymes form one highly intercorrelated group whereas another highly intercorrelated group contains several cytosolic enzymes. Within the cytosolic group, particularly high correlations are observed between enzymes that have glucose 6-phosphate as a substrate or product and between enzymes that are NADP-dependent. Although the pattern of intercorrelations is not clearly explicable in terms of metabolic relationships among the enzymes, there is some tendency for enzymes that catalyze sequential reactions or share a substrate or product to have correlated activity levels.

THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. XV. NATURE OF DEVELOPMENTAL HOMEOSTASIS FOR VIABILITY

Genetics ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-300
Author(s):  
Terumi Mukai ◽  
Sadao I Chigusa ◽  
Shin-Ichi Kusakabe
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
Sampling Variance ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Developmental Homeostasis ◽  
Relative Viability ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
New Mutations

ABSTRACT Developmental homeostasis of relative viability was examined for homozygotes and heterozygotes using second chromosomes from two populations of Drosophila melanogaster. One was a chromosome population in which spontaneous mutations were allowed to accumulate since it was begun with a single near-normal second chromosome. The second was a natural population approximately at equilibrium. For the estimation of relative viability, the Cy method was employed (Wallace 1956), and environmental variance between simultaneously replicated cultures was used as the index of developmental homeostasis. A new method was used in the estimation of sampling variance for relative viability that was employed for the calculation of environmental variance (error variance between simultaneously replicated cultures — sampling variance). The following findings were obtained.: (1) The difference in environmental variance between homozygotes and heterozygotes could not be seen when a chromosome population with variation due to new mutations was tested. (2) When a chromosome group isolated from an approximate equilibrium population was examined, heterozygotes manifested a smaller environmental variance than the homozygotes if their relative viabilities were approximately the same. (3) There was a slight negative correlation between viability and environmental variance, although opposite results were found when the viabilities of individuals were high, especially when overdominance (coupling overdominance, Mukai 1969 a, b) was manifest. On the basis of these findings, it was concluded that developmental homeostasis was a product of natural selection, and its mechanism was discussed.

scholarly journals Autosomal and X-Linked Additive Genetic Variation for Lifespan and Aging: Comparisons Within and Between the Sexes in Drosophila melanogaster

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 3903-3911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M Griffin ◽  
Holger Schielzeth ◽  
Urban Friberg
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Dosage Compensation ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Additive Genetic Variance ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Chromosome Substitution Lines ◽  
Sexually Antagonistic Selection

Abstract Theory makes several predictions concerning differences in genetic variation between the X chromosome and the autosomes due to male X hemizygosity. The X chromosome should: (i) typically show relatively less standing genetic variation than the autosomes, (ii) exhibit more variation in males compared to females because of dosage compensation, and (iii) potentially be enriched with sex-specific genetic variation. Here, we address each of these predictions for lifespan and aging in Drosophila melanogaster. To achieve unbiased estimates of X and autosomal additive genetic variance, we use 80 chromosome substitution lines; 40 for the X chromosome and 40 combining the two major autosomes, which we assay for sex-specific and cross-sex genetic (co)variation. We find significant X and autosomal additive genetic variance for both traits in both sexes (with reservation for X-linked variation of aging in females), but no conclusive evidence for depletion of X-linked variation (measured through females). Males display more X-linked variation for lifespan than females, but it is unclear if this is due to dosage compensation since also autosomal variation is larger in males. Finally, our results suggest that the X chromosome is enriched for sex-specific genetic variation in lifespan but results were less conclusive for aging overall. Collectively, these results suggest that the X chromosome has reduced capacity to respond to sexually concordant selection on lifespan from standing genetic variation, while its ability to respond to sexually antagonistic selection may be augmented.

scholarly journals The relationship between the rate of transposition and transposable element copy number for copia and Doc retrotransposons of Drosophila melanogaster

1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELENA G. PASYUKOVA ◽  
SERGEY V. NUZHDIN ◽  
DMITRY A. FILATOV
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Transposition Rate ◽  
Copy Numbers ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Relationship

We present data on the relationship between the rate of transposition and copy number in the genome for the copia and Doc retrotransposons of Drosophila melanogaster. copia and Doc transposition rates were directly measured in sublines of the isogenic 2b line using individual males or females, respectively, with a range of copia copy numbers from 49 to 103 and Doc copy numbers from 112 to 235 per genome. Transposition rates varied from 3×10−4 to 2×10−2 for copia and from 2×10−4 to 2×10−3 for Doc. A positive relationship between transposition rate and copy number was found both for copia and for Doc when the data were analysed across all the 2b individuals; no significant correlation was found when the data were analysed across the subline means for both retrotransposons tested. Overall, correlation between copia and Doc transposition rate and their copy number in the genome, if any, was not negative, which would be expected if transposable elements (TEs) self-regulate their copy number. Thus, for copia and Doc no evidence for self-regulation was provided, and at least for these two TEs this hypothesis is not favoured for explaining the maintenance of the stable copy number that is characteristic for natural populations. The transposition rate of copia was measured twice, and a strong positive correlation between copy number and transposition rate both across individuals and subline means was found in 1994, while in 1995 no correlation was found. This fact is in agreement with the hypothesis that a positive correlation between the rate of transposition and TE copy number may be a default starting point for future host–TE coevolution.

scholarly journals Deep sequencing of natural and experimental populations of Drosophila melanogaster reveals biases in the spectrum of new mutations

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe June Assaf ◽  
Susanne Tilk ◽  
Jane Park ◽  
Mark L. Siegal ◽  
Dmitri A. Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Gc Content ◽  
Mutation Accumulation ◽  
Sequencing Error ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Nucleotide Mutation ◽  
New Mutations

AbstractMutations provide the raw material of evolution, and thus our ability to study evolution depends fundamentally on whether we have precise measurements of mutational rates and patterns. Here we explore the rates and patterns of mutations using i) de novo mutations from Drosophila melanogaster mutation accumulation lines and ii) polymorphisms segregating at extremely low frequencies. The first, mutation accumulation (MA) lines, are the product of maintaining flies in tiny populations for many generations, therefore rendering natural selection ineffective and allowing new mutations to accrue in the genome. In addition to generating a novel dataset of sequenced MA lines, we perform a meta-analysis of all published MA studies in D. melanogaster, which allows more precise estimates of mutational patterns across the genome. In the second half of this work, we identify polymorphisms segregating at extremely low frequencies using several publicly available population genomic data sets from natural populations of D. melanogaster. Extremely rare polymorphisms are difficult to detect with high confidence due to the problem of distinguishing them from sequencing error, however a dataset of true rare polymorphisms would allow the quantification of mutational patterns. This is due to the fact that rare polymorphisms, much like de novo mutations, are on average younger and also relatively unaffected by the filter of natural selection. We identify a high quality set of ~70,000 rare polymorphisms, fully validated with resequencing, and use this dataset to measure mutational patterns in the genome. This includes identifying a high rate of multi-nucleotide mutation events at both short (~5bp) and long (~1kb) genomic distances, showing that mutation drives GC content lower in already GC-poor regions, and finding that the context-dependency of the mutation spectrum predicts long-term evolutionary patterns at four-fold synonymous sites. We also show that de novo mutations from independent mutation accumulation experiments display similar patterns of single nucleotide mutation, and match well the patterns of mutation found in natural populations.

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