scholarly journals EARLY PERFORMANCE OF SLENDER SPINDLE AND VERTICAL AXIS TRAINING SYSTEMS IN APPLES

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Emine KÜÇÜKER ◽  
Yakup ÖZKAN
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Slender Spindle ◽  
Early Performance

scholarly journals  Early performance of cv. Jonagold apple on M.9 in five tree training systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 158-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Ozkan ◽  
K. Yıldız ◽  
E. Küçüker ◽  
Ç. Çekiç ◽  
M. Özgen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Fruit Characteristics ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Soluble Solid ◽  
Slender Spindle ◽  
Early Performance

The effects of five training systems on tree growth, fruit yield and some fruit characteristics were assessed in Jonagold apple cv. grafted on M.9 rootstock. The trees were trained in one of five ways: slender spindle (SS; 4,761 trees/ha), vertical axis (VA; 2,857 trees/ha), hytec (HT; 1,904 tree/ha) and two different tree densities of super spindle (L-Super S with 5,000 trees/ha; H-Super S with 10,000 trees/ha). Trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) was higher in HT and VA than SS, L-Super S and H-Super S in the 4<sup>th</sup> year. While HT had the highest cumulative yield/tree, the lowest cumulative yield was observed in H-Super S. Although HT had the highest yield/ tree, it ranked the last in cumulative yield efficiency (CYE) due to high TCA. The highest (CYE) was measured in trees trained as L-Super S. When cumulative yields (CY)/ha were evaluated, the yield advantage of high density planting was clearly evident for the first three cropping years. H-Super S systems (10,000 trees/ha) had the highest CY/ha and achieved a yield of 91.24 t/ha in year 4. HT (1,904 trees/ha) had the lowest CY/ha (33.46 t). Training systems had no consistent effect on average fruit diameter, weight, firmness, soluble solid and titratable acidity. &nbsp;

scholarly journals Early Performance of 'Conference' Pear on Four Training Systems

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Kappel ◽  
Rob Brownlee
Keyword(s):  
Early Growth ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Pyrus Communis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cydonia Oblonga ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Slender Spindle ◽  
Early Performance

To determine how different training systems affected early growth and fruiting (first 5 years), `Conference' pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees on Quince A (Cydonia oblonga L.) rootstock were trained to angled trellis, slender spindle, vertical axe, or Y-trellis. The trees of the Y-trellis had the greatest spread after 5 years, and the vertical axe and slender spindle trees were the tallest. The Y-trellis trees had the highest light interception and had significantly higher yields in 1997 than the other training systems. Average fruit weight was inversely related to crop load.

scholarly journals Early Performance of Two Apple Cultivars in Three Training Systems

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1004-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Ferree
Keyword(s):  
Training System ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Slender Spindle ◽  
Flower Density ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Early Performance

In 1987, `Smoothee Golden Delicious' (`Smoothee') and `Lawspur Rome Beauty' (`Lawspur') apple (Malus domestica Borkh,) trees were planted and trained as central leaders or palmette leaders on M.7 and Mark rootstocks or were planted as slender spindles on Mark rootstocks. `Smoothee' trees were larger and had consistently greater yields and production per unit trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) than `Lawspur' trees. Slender spindle trees had lower early yields per tree and TCA but had greater cumulative yields per hectare than trees in the other training systems. In the fifth and sixth growing seasons, `Smoothee' trained as palmette leaders tended to have higher yields per hectare then central leader trees. Training system had little influence on `Lawspur' tree yields. Limb bending in 1989 increased flower density in 1989 and 1990. Cumulative yield per hectare increased 11% as a result of limb bending of trees on Mark rootstock, but bending had no influence on trees on M.7 rootstock. `Smoothee' on Mark had higher cumulative yields per hectare with the palmette leader and central leader than either `Smoothee' on M.7 in either training system or any combination with `Lawspur'.

scholarly journals Light Distribution in Three Apple Training Systems as Affected by Cultivar and Rootstock

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 601a-601
Author(s):  
Ray A. Allen ◽  
Curt R. Rom
Keyword(s):  
Apple Tree ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Training System ◽  
High Density ◽  
Light Distribution ◽  
Light Penetration ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Slender Spindle

Light distribution in two cultivars on three dwarfing rootstocks in three high-density apple tree training systems was measured in the sixth leaf beginning at full bloom and continuing through the season. Training system had a significant effect on light penetration into the lowest point of the canopy (measured at 0.5 m), with the slender spindle being significantly darker than either the central leader or the vertical axis, although all three systems were below the threshold value of 30% full sun (FS) needed to maintain productivity for most of the season. Cultivar had no significant effect; however, trees of both `Jonagold' and `Empire' fell below 20% FS early in the season and remained there until late in the season. Rootstock had the greatest effect, with trees on M9 and M26 being significantly darker in the lower canopy than trees on Mark. Trees on M26 and M9 fell below 10% FS early in the season and remained there, while trees on Mark never fell below 20% FS.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF TREE SUPPORT AND TRAINING SYSTEM ON APPLE TREE GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 620a-620
Author(s):  
D.C. Elfying
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Training System ◽  
Shoot Number ◽  
Slender Spindle ◽  
Total Crop ◽  
Support Cost ◽  
And Training

'Empire' (E) and 'Marshall McIntosh' (MM)/'Mark' trees planted in 1986 were trained to the freestanding central leader (CL), central leader with annual extension-shoot heading (HCL), slender spindle (SS) or vertical axis (VA). Support with a full tree stake (SS & VA) had little effect on shoot growth. HCL increased shoot number and mean length. Fewer pruning cuts were made on supported trees, while more were made on HCL trees. Dry weight of prunings 1989-91 was the same for all MM trees, while in E trees, CL and SS had lower pruning weights than HCL and VA. Bloom density was uninfluenced by support or training. Fruit set was greater in 1990 and 1991 on supported E trees, and in 1990 on supported MM trees. Yield was greater on supported systems in 3 out of 4 production years. Total yield after 6 years of age was 26-38% greater for supported trees of both cultivars. Bienniality was reduced about 15% by support in MM trees but unaffected by support or training in E trees. Net total crop value (estimated annual crop value minus annual harvest cost and support cost, if applicable, annual 10% discount rate) in 1991 was approximately $1600 per ha greater for supported E trees and $270 per ha greater for supported MM trees.

scholarly journals Tree Structure and Pruning Response of Six Peach Growth Forms

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Bassi ◽  
A. Dima ◽  
R. Scorza
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Medium Density ◽  
Growth Forms ◽  
Training Requirements ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Slender Spindle ◽  
Branch Density ◽  
And Training ◽  
Intermediate Amount

The response of young, nonbearing peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees to pruning was studied in six distinct growth forms including semidwarf, spur-type, upright, columnar or pillar, weeping, and standard. Two years after field planting, pillar and upright trees were trained to slender spindle. Semidwarf, spur-type, and standard trees were trained to the open or delayed vase form. Weeping trees were pruned in a manner similar to the Lepage hedge for pear. Branch density before pruning was highest in semidwarf, spur-type, and upright trees and lowest in pillar trees. Standard, semidwarf, and spur-type trees reacted similarly to pruning, but semidwarf trees produced as much wood in the following season as had been pruned off, and produced large numbers of fruiting branches. The small size of semidwarf trees suggested their use for medium-density plantings (MDPs). Pillar trees needed only light pruning. No major cuts were necessary and many fruiting branches were produced even on nonpruned trees. The pillar canopy was 60% thinner and required 50% fewer pruning cuts than the standard canopy and may be particularly suited to high-density plantings (HDPs). The upper canopy of weeping trees grew more than most other forms. They were intermediate in branch density and required an intermediate amount of pruning. Most striking was the unique canopy form of weeping trees, which may be used in developing new training systems. The results of this study suggest that new growth forms have the potential to reduce pruning and training requirements for peach, particularly in MDPs and HDPs. This potential suggests further investigation and exploitation of alternate peach tree growth forms.

scholarly journals Effect of different training systems to catch greater light interception in apple cultivar Maxi Gala in temperate climate

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ((04) 2019) ◽  
pp. 574-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Fontanella Sander ◽  
Tiago Afonso Macedo ◽  
Pricila Santos da Silva ◽  
Juliana Fátima Welter ◽  
Augusto José Posser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apple Tree ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Training System ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Driving System ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Deciduous Fruit

Apple is one of the most consumed fruits in the world. In Brazil, apple is the deciduous fruit of major importance. Its production is focused in the southern region of the country. To increase apple tree yield and to optimize fruit quality, it is important to choose a suitable training system to obtain greater light interception and photosynthetic radiation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate vegetative and productive aspects of the cultivar Maxi Gala grafted on seven-year-old dwarf rootstock M.9, under three different training systems: Tall Spindle, Solaxe and Vertical Axis. The experimental orchard was implemented in August, 2010 in Vacaria city, Rio Grande do Sul province, Brazil. The experiment was conducted and evaluated in (2014-2017) seasons. The results showed that Tall Spindle, Solaxe and Vertical Axis driving systems had no effect on internode length, plant height, fruit diameter and quality parameters such as pulp firmness and soluble solids. Therefore, the Tall Spindle driving system was more efficient for accumulative production, being this the indicated combination for regions with the edaphoclimatic characteristics like those of the orchard under study.

scholarly journals Early Performance of Six Peach Training Systems

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 600a-600
Author(s):  
Bryan Blackburn ◽  
Curt R. Rom
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Tree Density ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Early Performance

The effects of six freestanding training systems (Open Center, Untrained, 2-Scaffold V, 4-Scaffold V, Leaning V, and Central Leader at tree densities of 161, 161, 245, 375, 375, and 300 trees/acre, respectively) on yield and tree growth of `Redhaven' on Lovell rootstock were evaluated. Open-center and untrained trees were largest and had greatest yields per tree. The 2-scaffold V had the greatest production in kilograms per acre. Early productivity was related to tree density and pruning severity, not tree size. Training systems had no effect on fruit size.

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