scholarly journals EFFECTS OF TREE SUPPORT AND TRAINING SYSTEM ON APPLE TREE GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 620a-620
Author(s):  
D.C. Elfying
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Training System ◽  
Shoot Number ◽  
Slender Spindle ◽  
Total Crop ◽  
Support Cost ◽  
And Training

'Empire' (E) and 'Marshall McIntosh' (MM)/'Mark' trees planted in 1986 were trained to the freestanding central leader (CL), central leader with annual extension-shoot heading (HCL), slender spindle (SS) or vertical axis (VA). Support with a full tree stake (SS & VA) had little effect on shoot growth. HCL increased shoot number and mean length. Fewer pruning cuts were made on supported trees, while more were made on HCL trees. Dry weight of prunings 1989-91 was the same for all MM trees, while in E trees, CL and SS had lower pruning weights than HCL and VA. Bloom density was uninfluenced by support or training. Fruit set was greater in 1990 and 1991 on supported E trees, and in 1990 on supported MM trees. Yield was greater on supported systems in 3 out of 4 production years. Total yield after 6 years of age was 26-38% greater for supported trees of both cultivars. Bienniality was reduced about 15% by support in MM trees but unaffected by support or training in E trees. Net total crop value (estimated annual crop value minus annual harvest cost and support cost, if applicable, annual 10% discount rate) in 1991 was approximately $1600 per ha greater for supported E trees and $270 per ha greater for supported MM trees.

scholarly journals Light Distribution in Three Apple Training Systems as Affected by Cultivar and Rootstock

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 601a-601
Author(s):  
Ray A. Allen ◽  
Curt R. Rom
Keyword(s):  
Apple Tree ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Training System ◽  
High Density ◽  
Light Distribution ◽  
Light Penetration ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Slender Spindle

Light distribution in two cultivars on three dwarfing rootstocks in three high-density apple tree training systems was measured in the sixth leaf beginning at full bloom and continuing through the season. Training system had a significant effect on light penetration into the lowest point of the canopy (measured at 0.5 m), with the slender spindle being significantly darker than either the central leader or the vertical axis, although all three systems were below the threshold value of 30% full sun (FS) needed to maintain productivity for most of the season. Cultivar had no significant effect; however, trees of both `Jonagold' and `Empire' fell below 20% FS early in the season and remained there until late in the season. Rootstock had the greatest effect, with trees on M9 and M26 being significantly darker in the lower canopy than trees on Mark. Trees on M26 and M9 fell below 10% FS early in the season and remained there, while trees on Mark never fell below 20% FS.

scholarly journals Rootstock and Training System Affect Dry-matter and Carbohydrate Distribution in `Golden Delicious' Apple Trees

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 492-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Stutte ◽  
Tara A. Baugher ◽  
Sandra P. Walter ◽  
David W. Leach ◽  
D. Michael Glenn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Training System ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Dry Matter Distribution ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
And Training

A study was conducted to quantify the effects of rootstock and training system on C allocation in apple. Dry-matter distribution was determined at harvest in 5-year-old `Golden Delicious' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees on four rootstocks (MM.111 EMLA, M.7a, M.26 EMLA, and M.9 EMLA) and in three training systems (three-wire palmette, free-standing central leader, and nonpruned). Mobilizable carbohydrate content was determined at harvest and leaf fall in trees from the same planting on MM.111 EMLA and M.9 EMLA in all three training systems. Training system effects interacted with rootstock effects in dry weights of branches and of fruit. Nonpruned system shoot and fruit dry weights reflected known rootstock vigor; whereas, pruned system (three-wire and central leader) shoot dry weights were greatest and fruit dry weights were lowest in trees on M.7a. Rootstock affected the partitioning of dry matter between above- and below-ground tree components, with MM.111 EMLA accumulating significantly more dry matter in the root system than trees on the other rootstocks. Trees in the central leader and the three-wire palmette systems partitioned more dry weight into nonbearing 1-year shoots than trees in the nonpruned system. Root starch content at harvest was greater in trees on MM.111 EMLA than on M.9 EMLA, and root sucrose and sorbitol were less in trees on MM.111 EMLA compared to M.9 EMLA. At leaf fall, starch in young roots was equal in trees on both rootstocks, and sorbitol again was lower in trees on MM.111 EMLA. Harvest starch content of roots, shoots, and branches was lower in nonpruned than in pruned trees. At leaf fall, root, shoot, and branch starch content increased in nonpruned and central leader-trained trees but did not increase in three-wire palmette-trained trees.

scholarly journals Effect of cultivation distances on growth and productivity of two varieties of garlic under the conditions of El jabal Al-Akhdar

2019 ◽  
pp. 79-100
Author(s):  
Firas S. Abubaker ◽  
Ali M. Khalifa ◽  
Hasan B. Albaba ◽  
Suliman A. Jadallh
Keyword(s):  
Average Length ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Total Crop ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Planting Distance

The research was carried out by the Department of Horticulture - Faculty of Agriculture - University of Omar Al-Mukhtar - White during the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 planting seasons. To study the effect of four planting distances (5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 cm) on the behavior of two varieties of garlic (Egyptian "municipal", Chinese). The design of full randomized splitters was used once in three replicates. The mean of the treatments was measured according to the Duncan test at a significant level of 5%. The results showed that the gradual increase of the planting distance (5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 cm) resulted in a gradual and significant increase in the average length of the leaves, the average number of leaves, the paper area and the dry weight of the leaves in both cultivars. The best results for the leaf content of nitrogen and phosphorus at planting distance were 12.5 cm, while potassium was at a distance of 5 cm. The content of the leaves of chlorophyll (A, B) in both cultivars increased by increasing the distance of cultivation with the superiority of the Chinese class on the Egyptian. The results showed that increasing the planting distance to 12.5 cm increased the average weight of the bulb, the exportable yield and the exportable yield of the total crop, while the total yield decreased with the increase of the planting distance. The highest percentage of nitrogen was recorded at a distance of 12.5 cm for the Egyptian variety, while the Chinese category recorded the highest percentage of phosphorus and potassium. The results showed no significant differences in mean weight of the lobes between the four planting distances of the Egyptian and Chinese varieties during the first and second seasons. The best results were achieved for total dissolved solids at a distance of 12.5 cm in the Chinese and Egyptian varieties, respectively.

Source–Sink Relations in Non-dormant and Dormant Blueberry Production Systems

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 528e-529
Author(s):  
Peter A.W. Swain ◽  
Rebecca L. Darnell
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Flower Bud Differentiation ◽  
Source Limitation

Two cultivars of southern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum interspecific hybrid) were grown in containers under the traditional dormant production system or the non-dormant production system. Plants in the non-dormant production system were maintained by continuous N fertilization throughout the year. The first objective was to determine when source limitations to reproductive development in blueberry occurred. The second objective was to determine if source limitations could be alleviated by the non-dormant production system, since photosynthesis and therefore carbohydrate accumulation continue later into the season. In order to determine when source limitations occurred, reproductive manipulations were applied to three groups of plants, either after flower bud differentiation in the fall, or after fruit set in the spring. After flower bud differentiation, 80% of the flower buds were removed from one plant group. After fruit set, 80% of individual fruits or 80% of fruit clusters were removed from two other plant groups. Average fruit dry weight was higher in the flower bud removal treatment than in the fruit removal or control treatments in the dormant production system, indicating a source limitation occurs prior to anthesis. No pre-anthesis source limitation was found in the non-dormant system; this is probably due to insufficient fruit and flower removal, and/or continued flower bud initiation prior to anthesis in this system. However, both fruit number and total yield were significantly higher in the non-dormant than the dormant production system.

Development and validation of the Global Competency Scale(GCS)

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 801-831
Author(s):  
Sangchoong Roh ◽  
Hongsik Jung ◽  
Youngwon Suh
Keyword(s):  
Training System ◽  
Global Competency ◽  
Human Resource Department ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Systematic Selection ◽  
Gcs Score ◽  
The Right ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Criterion Variables ◽  
And Training

As the world economy is becoming globalized, more domestic businesses are branching to overseas. Thereupon the number of expatriate workers who are getting assigned to overseas are increasing, and needs for systematic selection and training system for overseas expatriate workers are in dire needs. Nevertheless researches in this area are not enough and still inadequate level domestically. Therefore we developed the Global Competency Scale (GCS) with the purpose of the local businesses to use it to predict the possibility of successful overseas job performance and to select and train the right overseas expatriate workers. To develop the scale we conducted researches on documentations and interviews with former overseas expatriate workers and expatriate program managers in human resource department(HRD). Based on these results we developed 14 initial factors with 138 items. Using theses items we conducted both on & offline survey to people who work at global and multinational companies in Korea. With the 381 people's survey results, we implemented the cross validity. After cross validating we generated final 6 factors with 24 items. The GCS score we developed in this research shows that the degree of their goal achievement during past overseas experience and level of their satisfaction was significantly high in those criterion variables proving the criterion-related validity. Especially the GCS we developed in this research shows that after controlling the effect of English skills, still appear to have significant effect on criterion variables. Finally based on research results we discussed academical and operational implication and limitations for the further researches.

Turning data into reality

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Leinster-Evans ◽  
J Newell ◽  
S Luck
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Mixed Reality ◽  
Training System ◽  
Value Proposition ◽  
Immersive Environments ◽  
Training Environment ◽  
Service Support ◽  
Rich Data ◽  
And Training

This paper looks to expand on the INEC 2016 paper ‘The future role of virtual reality within warship support solutions for the Queen Elizabeth Class aircraft carriers’ presented by Ross Basketter, Craig Birchmore and Abbi Fisher from BAE Systems in May 2016 and the EAAW VII paper ‘Testing the boundaries of virtual reality within ship support’ presented by John Newell from BAE Systems and Simon Luck from BMT DSL in June 2017. BAE Systems and BMT have developed a 3D walkthrough training system that supports the teams working closely with the QEC Aircraft Carriers in Portsmouth and this work was presented at EAAW VII. Since then this work has been extended to demonstrate the art of the possible on Type 26. This latter piece of work is designed to explore the role of 3D immersive environments in the development and fielding of support and training solutions, across the range of support disciplines. The combined team are looking at how this digital thread leads from design of platforms, both surface and subsurface, through build into in-service support and training. This rich data and ways in which it could be used in the whole lifecycle of the ship, from design and development (used for spatial acceptance, HazID, etc) all the way through to operational support and maintenance (in conjunction with big data coming off from the ship coupled with digital tech docs for maintenance procedures) using constantly developing technologies such as 3D, Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality and Mixed Reality, will be proposed.  The drive towards gamification in the training environment to keep younger recruits interested and shortening course lengths will be explored. The paper develops the options and looks to how this technology can be used and where the value proposition lies. 

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