scholarly journals Early Performance of Two Apple Cultivars in Three Training Systems

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1004-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Ferree
Keyword(s):  
Training System ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Slender Spindle ◽  
Flower Density ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Early Performance

In 1987, `Smoothee Golden Delicious' (`Smoothee') and `Lawspur Rome Beauty' (`Lawspur') apple (Malus domestica Borkh,) trees were planted and trained as central leaders or palmette leaders on M.7 and Mark rootstocks or were planted as slender spindles on Mark rootstocks. `Smoothee' trees were larger and had consistently greater yields and production per unit trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) than `Lawspur' trees. Slender spindle trees had lower early yields per tree and TCA but had greater cumulative yields per hectare than trees in the other training systems. In the fifth and sixth growing seasons, `Smoothee' trained as palmette leaders tended to have higher yields per hectare then central leader trees. Training system had little influence on `Lawspur' tree yields. Limb bending in 1989 increased flower density in 1989 and 1990. Cumulative yield per hectare increased 11% as a result of limb bending of trees on Mark rootstock, but bending had no influence on trees on M.7 rootstock. `Smoothee' on Mark had higher cumulative yields per hectare with the palmette leader and central leader than either `Smoothee' on M.7 in either training system or any combination with `Lawspur'.

scholarly journals  Early performance of cv. Jonagold apple on M.9 in five tree training systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 158-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Ozkan ◽  
K. Yıldız ◽  
E. Küçüker ◽  
Ç. Çekiç ◽  
M. Özgen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Fruit Characteristics ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Soluble Solid ◽  
Slender Spindle ◽  
Early Performance

The effects of five training systems on tree growth, fruit yield and some fruit characteristics were assessed in Jonagold apple cv. grafted on M.9 rootstock. The trees were trained in one of five ways: slender spindle (SS; 4,761 trees/ha), vertical axis (VA; 2,857 trees/ha), hytec (HT; 1,904 tree/ha) and two different tree densities of super spindle (L-Super S with 5,000 trees/ha; H-Super S with 10,000 trees/ha). Trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) was higher in HT and VA than SS, L-Super S and H-Super S in the 4<sup>th</sup> year. While HT had the highest cumulative yield/tree, the lowest cumulative yield was observed in H-Super S. Although HT had the highest yield/ tree, it ranked the last in cumulative yield efficiency (CYE) due to high TCA. The highest (CYE) was measured in trees trained as L-Super S. When cumulative yields (CY)/ha were evaluated, the yield advantage of high density planting was clearly evident for the first three cropping years. H-Super S systems (10,000 trees/ha) had the highest CY/ha and achieved a yield of 91.24 t/ha in year 4. HT (1,904 trees/ha) had the lowest CY/ha (33.46 t). Training systems had no consistent effect on average fruit diameter, weight, firmness, soluble solid and titratable acidity. &nbsp;

scholarly journals 597 Rootstock and Scion Interact to Affect Apple Tree Performance: Results from a 10-year Trial by the NC-140 Technical Committee

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 499F-500
Author(s):  
Wesley R. Autio
Keyword(s):  
Technical Committee ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Performance Results

In 1990, trials were established at 13 sites including `Golden Delicious', `Jonagold', `Empire', and `Rome' apple cultivars in all combinations on M.9 EMLA, B.9, Mark, O.3, and M.26 EMLA rootstocks. After 10 growing seasons, rootstock and cultivar interacted significantly to affect trunk cross-sectional area and yield efficiency but not yield per tree or survival. Generally, trunk cross-sectional area was greatest for M.26 EMLA, followed by O.3, M.9 EMLA, B.9, and Mark. However, differences between B.9 and Mark and between M.9 EMLA and O.3 varied with cultivar. B.9 was 34% to 46% larger than Mark with `Golden Delicious' and `Empire,' but they were similar for `Jonagold' and `Rome.' O.3 was 27% larger than M.9 EMLA with `Golden Delicious' and `Empire,' they were similar for `Rome', and O.3 was 12% smaller than M.9 EMLA with `Jonagold'. M.26 EMLA resulted in the greatest cumulative yield per tree, followed by O.3, M.9 EMLA, B.9, and Mark. Generally, cumulative yield efficiency (1992–99) was greatest B.9 and Mark and least for M.26 EMLA. M.9 EMLA and O.3 were similar and intermediately efficient. However, differences between B.9 and Mark and between M.9 EMLA and O.3 varied with cultivar. M.9 EMLA and O.3 were similarly efficient with `Golden Delicious', `Jonagold', and `Rome,' but M.9 EMLA was 11% more efficient than O.3 with `Empire'. B.9 and Mark were similarly efficient with `Golden Delicious' and `Jonagold', but Mark was 15% more efficient and 25% less efficient than B.9 trees with `Empire' and `Rome', respectively. Site played an important role, but survival was best for B.9 and poorest for O.3. Cooperators included: J.L. Anderson, W. Autio, J. Barden, G. Brown, R. Crassweller, P. Domoto, A. Erb, D. Ferree, A. Gaus, R. Hayden, P. Hirst, F. Morrison, C. Mullins, J. Schupp, and L. Tukey.

scholarly journals (310) Peach Orchard Systems Management Trial: The First Six Years

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1026A-1026
Author(s):  
Desmond R. Layne ◽  
Eric J. Hitzler
Keyword(s):  
Training System ◽  
Tree Density ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Rate ◽  
Clemson University ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Supplemental Irrigation ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Peach Orchard

In 1999, a trial was established at the Clemson University Musser Fruit Research Farm to investigate the effects of training system/tree density, rootstock, and irrigation/fertilization on tree growth, productivity and profitability. The replicated trial comprised three training systems/tree densities (open center–332 trees/ha; quad V–664 trees/ha; and perpendicular V–996 trees/ha). The two rootstocks used were Lovell and Guardian. Three irrigation/fertilization treatments included: natural rainfall only plus granular program; supplemental irrigation plus granular; and supplemental irrigation plus fertigation at a reduced nitrogen rate from the granular program. The scion was the popular midseason cultivar Redglobe. There were a total of 18 treatment combinations replicated 4 times with 5 trees per treatment plot. Soil moisture was determined by TDR and pan evaporation monitored by weather station. Seventy-two minirhizotron tubes were installed in 2002 to monitor fine root growth. During 1999–2001, drought conditions limited rainfall to 35% below the annual average. Spring freeze events in 2001 and 2004 reduced crop load disproportionately in shorter, open-center trees. As tree density within the tree row increased, trunk cross sectional area (TCA) decreased. Trees on Guardian rootstock had significantly greater TCA than Lovell each year. Trees that received supplemental irrigation had greater TCA than nonirrigated trees each year. By reducing N rate through fertigation, TCA was reduced. Cumulative yield was not affected by training system/tree density. Cumulative yield was not affected by rootstock. Cumulative yield was 7% greater by supplemental irrigation. Pruning, thinning and harvesting was easier in V-systems than for open center trees.

scholarly journals Long-term Performance of ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees Grafted on Geneva® Rootstocks and Trained to Four High-density Systems under New York State Climatic Conditions

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1538-1550
Author(s):  
Gemma Reig ◽  
Jaume Lordan ◽  
Stephen Hoying ◽  
Michael Fargione ◽  
Daniel J. Donahue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
New York State ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Training System ◽  
High Density ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
G 11

We conducted a large (0.8 ha) field experiment of system × rootstock, using Super Chief Delicious apple as cultivar at Yonder farm in Hudson, NY, between 2007 and 2017. In this study, we compared six Geneva® rootstocks (‘G.11’, ‘G.16’, ‘G.210’, ‘G.30’, ‘G.41’, and ‘G.935’) with one Budagovsky (‘B.118’) and three Malling rootstocks (‘M.7EMLA’, ‘M.9T337’ and ‘M.26EMLA’). Trees on each rootstock were trained to four high-density systems: Super Spindle (SS) (5382 apple trees/ha), Tall Spindle (TS) (3262 apple trees/ha), Triple Axis Spindle (TAS) (2243 apple trees/ha), and Vertical Axis (VA) (1656 apple trees/ha). Rootstock and training system interacted to influence growth, production, and fruit quality. When comparing systems, SS trees were the least vigorous but much more productive on a per hectare basis. Among the rootstocks we evaluated, ‘B.118’ had the largest trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), followed by ‘G.30’ and ‘M.7EMLA’, which were similar in size but they did not differ statistically from ‘G.935’. ‘M.9T337’ was the smallest and was significantly smaller than most of the other rootstocks but it did not differ statistically from ‘G.11’, ‘G.16’, ‘G.210’, ‘G.41’, and ‘M.26EMLA’. Although ‘B.118’ trees were the largest, they had low productivity, whereas the second largest rootstock ‘G.30’ was the most productive on a per hectare basis. ‘M.9’ was the smallest rootstock and failed to adequately fill the space in all systems except the SS, and had low cumulative yield. The highest values for cumulative yield efficiency (CYE) were with ‘G.210’ for all training systems except for VA, where ‘M.9T337’ had the highest value. The lowest values were for all training systems with ‘B.118’ and ‘M.7EMLA’. Regardless of the training system, ‘M.7EMLA’ trees had the highest number of root suckers. Some fruit quality traits were affected by training system, rootstock or system × rootstock combination.

scholarly journals The Effects of Rootstocks and Training Systems on the Early Performance of ‘0900 Ziraat’ Sweet Cherry

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 573-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erdal AGLAR ◽  
Kenan YILDIZ ◽  
Lynn Edwards LONG
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Training System ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Leader Training ◽  
Early Performance ◽  
And Training

The effects of three rootstocks (‘Gisela 5’, ‘Gisela 6’ and ‘MaxMa 14’) and three training systems (Spanish bush, Steep leader and Vogel central leader) on early performance of ‘0900 Ziraat’ sweet cherry were compared. There have been significant differences among both rootstocks and training systems in terms of tree heights. At the end of the fourth year, while the height of the trees grafted on ‘Gisela 5’ was 238.3 cm, those grafted on ‘MaxMa 14’ reached 266.4 cm in height. While the shortest tree height was obtained from Spanish bush system, heights of the trees in Steep leader and Vogel central leader training systems were found to be at similar levels. ‘Gisela’ 5 had lower trunk cross section area (TCSA) than ‘Gisela 6’ and ‘MaxMa 14’ rootstocks. Among three systems, trees trained to Steep leader had the highest TCSA, followed by Spanish bush and Vogel central leader. Interactions were found between rootstock and training system for yield and yield efficiency. On ‘Gisela 6’, cumulative yield of Vogel central leader system (17.0 g/tree) was significantly higher than Spanish bush (14.8 g/tree) and Steep leader (12.6 g/tree). On the other hand, on ‘MaxMa 14’, there were not significant differences in cumulative yield per tree among training systems. On ‘Gisela 5’ and ‘Gisela 6’, the highest yield efficiency were observed in trees trained as Vogel central leader. Yield efficiency of Vogel central leader (0.49 kg cm-²) was two time higher than those of Spanish bush (0.29 kg cm-²) and Steep leader (0.26 kg cm-²) on ‘Gisela 6’. The weight of fruits from trees grafted on ‘Gisela 5’ was lower than those from trees on ‘Gisela 6’ and ‘MaxMa 14’. In the fourth year, while the average fruit weight was 5.86 g on ‘Gisela 5’, it was 6.00 and 6.25 g on ‘Gisela 6’ and ‘MaxMa 14’ rootstocks respectively.

scholarly journals Long-term Effects of Training Systems and Rootstocks on ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Honeycrisp’ Performance, a 15-year Study in a Northern Cold Climate—Part 1: Agronomic Analysis

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 968-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaume Lordan ◽  
Anna Wallis ◽  
Poliana Francescatto ◽  
Terence L. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Efficiency Index ◽  
Training System ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Apple Cultivars

Choice of cultivar, training system, planting density, and rootstock affect orchard performance and profitability. To provide guidance to growers in northern cold climates on these choices, a field trial was established in Peru, Clinton County, NY, in 2002, with two apple cultivars (Honeycrisp and McIntosh). From 2002 through 2016, we compared Central Leader on ‘M.M.111’; Slender Pyramid on ‘M.26’ and ‘Geneva® 30’ (‘G.30’); Vertical Axis on ‘M.9 (Nic® 29)’ (‘M.9’), ‘Budagovsky 9’ (‘B.9’), and ‘G.16’; SolAxe on ‘M.9’, ‘B.9’, and ‘G.16’; and Tall Spindle on ‘M.9’, ‘B.9’, and ‘G.16’. Central Leader was planted at 539 trees/ha, Slender Pyramid at 1097 trees/ha, Vertical Axis and SolAxe at 1794 trees/ha, and Tall Spindle at 3230 trees/ha. Cumulative yield was higher with ‘McIntosh’ than with ‘Honeycrisp’. High planting densities (Tall Spindle) gave the highest cumulative yields (593 t·ha−1 on ‘McIntosh’ and 341 t·ha−1 on ‘Honeycrisp’). Tall Spindle (3230 trees/ha) on ‘M.9’ appeared to be the best option for ‘McIntosh’. On the other hand, for a weak-growing cultivar such as ‘Honeycrisp’, Tall Spindle on ‘B.9’ (366 t·ha−1) and Slender Pyramid (1097 trees/ha) on ‘G.30’ (354 t·ha−1) were the two combinations with the highest cumulative yield, largest fruit size (220–235 g), and greatest efficiency index (4.6–3.9 kg·cm−2).

scholarly journals EARLY PERFORMANCE OF FOUR APPLE CULTIVARS GRAFTED ON THE MICROPROPAGATED OTTAWA THREE ROOTSTOCK AND TRAINED IN TWO SYSTEMS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 246d-246
Author(s):  
Raymond L. Granger ◽  
Shahrokh Khanizadeh ◽  
Yvon Groleau
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Canopy Development ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Slender Spindle ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Early Performance ◽  
Better Than

In experimental plots established in 1989, `Spencer', `Empire', `MacSpur', and `Lobo' trees grafted on the in vitro-propagated Ottawa 3 (0.3) rootstock were trained in the triple axis and in the slender spindle systems. They were planted at 5 (between rows) × 2.04 m and laid out in a split plot array with four replicates. There were five trees per subplot unit. All trees were trickle-irrigated every year. Fruit thinning was chemically done for the first time in 1993. Trees from this experiment came into bearing in 1991, and their total cumulative yield was significantly superior in the case of trees of the Spindlebush system. Since no interactions were found, we cannot conclude that any given combination is better than the others. `Lobo', which has averaged nearly 21 tonnes/ha per tree, was best in terms of total cumulative yield and also in terms of yield efficiency. `MacSpur' and `Empire' were the second best ones in yield efficiency, and `Spencer' was significantly lower. Fruit size was very good for all combinations in 1993. At their fifth-leaf stage in 1993, the yield of `Empire' trees from this experiment was higher by an average of more than 1 kg per tree than that of comparable trees of conventionally propagated O.3 trees planted in adjacent test plots. The tree vigor of the micropopagated O.3 trees was better than that of the conventionally propagated ones as revealed by the trees' trunk and canopy development. However, a few trees exhibited slight burr-knot growth on their trunk. This has never been observed on the conventionally propagated O.3 rootstock.

scholarly journals Effects of Full Body Exergaming in Virtual Reality on Cardiovascular and Muscular Parameters: Cross-Sectional Experiment (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Feodoroff ◽  
Ippokratis Konstantinidis ◽  
Ingo Froböse
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Isometric Contraction ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Dropout Rate ◽  
Training System ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽  
Training Systems

BACKGROUND In recent years, many studies have associated sedentary behavior in front of screens with health problems in infants, children, and adolescents. Yet options for exergaming—playing video games that require rigorous physical exercise—seem to fall short of the physical activity levels recommended by the World Health Organization. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a fully immersive virtual reality (VR)-based training system on cardiovascular and muscular parameters of young adults. METHODS A cross-sectional experiment design was used to analyze muscle activity (surface electromyography), heart rate, perceived exertion (RPE), cybersickness symptoms, perceived workload, and physical activity enjoyment (PACES) in 33 participants performing two 5-minute flights on a new training device. RESULTS Participants’ performance of the planking position required to play the game resulted in moderate aerobic intensity (108 [SD 18.69] bpm). Due to the mainly isometric contraction of the dorsal muscle chain (with a mean activation between 20.6% [SD 10.57] and 26.7% [SD 17.39] maximum voluntary isometric contraction), participants described the exercise as a moderate to vigorous activity (RPE 14.6 [SD 1.82]). The majority reported that they enjoyed the exercise (PACES 3.74 [SD 0.16]). However, six participants had to drop out because of cybersickness symptoms and two because of muscle pain due to prior injuries. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that fully immersive VR training systems can contribute to muscle-strengthening activities for healthy users. However, the dropout rate highlights the need for technological improvements in both software and hardware. In prevention and therapy, movement quality is a fundamental part of providing effective resistance training that benefits health. Exergaming on a regular basis has the potential to develop strong muscles and a healthy back. It is essential that future VR-based training systems take into account the recommendations of sport and exercise science.

scholarly journals GROWTH AND FRUIT PRODUCTION OF YOUNG MICROPROPAGATED APPLE (MALUS DOMESTICA BORKH.) TREES

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 637f-637
Author(s):  
Fenton E. Larsen ◽  
Stewart S. Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Westerly Winds ◽  
Golden Delicious

Tree size, cumulative yield, yield efficiency and anchorage of 6 micropropagated (MP) apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars were determined in 1991 after 5 years of production, as compared with trees on seedling (sdlg) or M 7a roots. Trees were planted in 1984, with crops harvested from 1987 through 1991. Trees were generally smallest (trunk cross-sectional area) on M 7a and were largest with 4 cultivars (`Delicious', `Jonathan', `Rome', `Spartan') when micropropagated. `Golden Delicious' (GD) was largest on sdlg. Cumulative yield was affected by a scion × rootstock interaction, with few trends in scion or rootstock effects. Mean cumulative yield was 84 kg tree-1, 71 and 58 for M 7a, MP and sdlg, respectively. Yield efficiency was also affected by a scion × rootstock interaction. In 1991, mean yield efficiency was 0.5 kg cm-2 for sdlg and MP trees, but was 1.05 for M 7a. Efficiency on M 7a was superior to other rootstocks with all scions except `GD', while sdlg and MP trees were statistically similar with all scions. All trees leaned in response to prevailing westerly winds, with trees on sdlg tending to be more upright than MP or M 7a trees.

scholarly journals Early Performance of 'Conference' Pear on Four Training Systems

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Kappel ◽  
Rob Brownlee
Keyword(s):  
Early Growth ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Pyrus Communis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cydonia Oblonga ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Slender Spindle ◽  
Early Performance

To determine how different training systems affected early growth and fruiting (first 5 years), `Conference' pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees on Quince A (Cydonia oblonga L.) rootstock were trained to angled trellis, slender spindle, vertical axe, or Y-trellis. The trees of the Y-trellis had the greatest spread after 5 years, and the vertical axe and slender spindle trees were the tallest. The Y-trellis trees had the highest light interception and had significantly higher yields in 1997 than the other training systems. Average fruit weight was inversely related to crop load.

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