scholarly journals  Early performance of cv. Jonagold apple on M.9 in five tree training systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 158-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Ozkan ◽  
K. Yıldız ◽  
E. Küçüker ◽  
Ç. Çekiç ◽  
M. Özgen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Fruit Characteristics ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Soluble Solid ◽  
Slender Spindle ◽  
Early Performance

The effects of five training systems on tree growth, fruit yield and some fruit characteristics were assessed in Jonagold apple cv. grafted on M.9 rootstock. The trees were trained in one of five ways: slender spindle (SS; 4,761 trees/ha), vertical axis (VA; 2,857 trees/ha), hytec (HT; 1,904 tree/ha) and two different tree densities of super spindle (L-Super S with 5,000 trees/ha; H-Super S with 10,000 trees/ha). Trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) was higher in HT and VA than SS, L-Super S and H-Super S in the 4<sup>th</sup> year. While HT had the highest cumulative yield/tree, the lowest cumulative yield was observed in H-Super S. Although HT had the highest yield/ tree, it ranked the last in cumulative yield efficiency (CYE) due to high TCA. The highest (CYE) was measured in trees trained as L-Super S. When cumulative yields (CY)/ha were evaluated, the yield advantage of high density planting was clearly evident for the first three cropping years. H-Super S systems (10,000 trees/ha) had the highest CY/ha and achieved a yield of 91.24 t/ha in year 4. HT (1,904 trees/ha) had the lowest CY/ha (33.46 t). Training systems had no consistent effect on average fruit diameter, weight, firmness, soluble solid and titratable acidity. &nbsp;

scholarly journals Early Performance of Two Apple Cultivars in Three Training Systems

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1004-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Ferree
Keyword(s):  
Training System ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Slender Spindle ◽  
Flower Density ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Early Performance

In 1987, `Smoothee Golden Delicious' (`Smoothee') and `Lawspur Rome Beauty' (`Lawspur') apple (Malus domestica Borkh,) trees were planted and trained as central leaders or palmette leaders on M.7 and Mark rootstocks or were planted as slender spindles on Mark rootstocks. `Smoothee' trees were larger and had consistently greater yields and production per unit trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) than `Lawspur' trees. Slender spindle trees had lower early yields per tree and TCA but had greater cumulative yields per hectare than trees in the other training systems. In the fifth and sixth growing seasons, `Smoothee' trained as palmette leaders tended to have higher yields per hectare then central leader trees. Training system had little influence on `Lawspur' tree yields. Limb bending in 1989 increased flower density in 1989 and 1990. Cumulative yield per hectare increased 11% as a result of limb bending of trees on Mark rootstock, but bending had no influence on trees on M.7 rootstock. `Smoothee' on Mark had higher cumulative yields per hectare with the palmette leader and central leader than either `Smoothee' on M.7 in either training system or any combination with `Lawspur'.

scholarly journals The Effects of Rootstocks and Training Systems on the Early Performance of ‘0900 Ziraat’ Sweet Cherry

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 573-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erdal AGLAR ◽  
Kenan YILDIZ ◽  
Lynn Edwards LONG
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Training System ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Leader Training ◽  
Early Performance ◽  
And Training

The effects of three rootstocks (‘Gisela 5’, ‘Gisela 6’ and ‘MaxMa 14’) and three training systems (Spanish bush, Steep leader and Vogel central leader) on early performance of ‘0900 Ziraat’ sweet cherry were compared. There have been significant differences among both rootstocks and training systems in terms of tree heights. At the end of the fourth year, while the height of the trees grafted on ‘Gisela 5’ was 238.3 cm, those grafted on ‘MaxMa 14’ reached 266.4 cm in height. While the shortest tree height was obtained from Spanish bush system, heights of the trees in Steep leader and Vogel central leader training systems were found to be at similar levels. ‘Gisela’ 5 had lower trunk cross section area (TCSA) than ‘Gisela 6’ and ‘MaxMa 14’ rootstocks. Among three systems, trees trained to Steep leader had the highest TCSA, followed by Spanish bush and Vogel central leader. Interactions were found between rootstock and training system for yield and yield efficiency. On ‘Gisela 6’, cumulative yield of Vogel central leader system (17.0 g/tree) was significantly higher than Spanish bush (14.8 g/tree) and Steep leader (12.6 g/tree). On the other hand, on ‘MaxMa 14’, there were not significant differences in cumulative yield per tree among training systems. On ‘Gisela 5’ and ‘Gisela 6’, the highest yield efficiency were observed in trees trained as Vogel central leader. Yield efficiency of Vogel central leader (0.49 kg cm-²) was two time higher than those of Spanish bush (0.29 kg cm-²) and Steep leader (0.26 kg cm-²) on ‘Gisela 6’. The weight of fruits from trees grafted on ‘Gisela 5’ was lower than those from trees on ‘Gisela 6’ and ‘MaxMa 14’. In the fourth year, while the average fruit weight was 5.86 g on ‘Gisela 5’, it was 6.00 and 6.25 g on ‘Gisela 6’ and ‘MaxMa 14’ rootstocks respectively.

scholarly journals Evaluation of agronomic and fruit quality traits of fig tree varieties (Ficus carica L.) grown in Mediterranean conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. e0903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Pereira ◽  
Manuel J. Serradilla ◽  
Fernando Pérez-Gragera ◽  
Alberto Martín ◽  
María C. Villalobos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Fruit Colour ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Market Needs ◽  
Maturation Index

In this work, the agronomic behaviour and fruit quality of ten varieties of common fig were evaluated for the establishment of new commercial orchards destined for fresh consumption. The following traits were measured: annual yield, cumulative yield, trunk cross sectional area (TCSA) and yield efficiency of each variety, as well as weight, width, total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TA) and maturation index (MI) of brebas and figs. The results show that Banane’ and ‘Brown Turkey’ were the earliest to enter into production, and ‘Banane’ showed the highest annual yield in the 7th green (2014), with 76 kg/tree, followed by ‘Brown Turkey’ (57.6 kg/tree), ‘Cuello Dama Blanco’ (52 kg/tree) and ‘Colar Elche’ (39 kg/tree). On the other hand, 'Cuello Dama Blanco' and 'De Rey' exhibited the better organoleptic traits, with TSS and MI values ranged from 18.7 ºBrix and 203.3 MI (‘Cuello Dama Blanco’) to 20.4 ºBrix and 187.1 MI (‘De Rey’) for brebas and from 21.4 ºBrix and 278.7 (‘Cuello Dama Blanco’) to 23.3 ºBrix and 255.6 (‘De Rey’) for figs. This study will allow the fruit grower to select the most interesting and appropriate range of varieties based on market needs taking into account the ripening season (early, middle or late) and fruit colour (green, purple or black).

scholarly journals Canopy Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of 'Royal Gala' Apple Trees Grown for Eight Years in Five Tree Training Systems

HortScience ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl R. Hampson ◽  
Harvey A. Quamme ◽  
Robert T. Brownlee
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Training Method ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Slender Spindle

In 1993, a planting of virus-free 'Royal Gala' apple (Malu×domestica Borkh.) on 'M.9' rootstock was established at Summerland, B.C., Canada, to determine whether angled-canopy training systems could improve orchard tree performance relative to slender spindles. The trees were trained in one of five ways: slender spindle (SS), Geneva Y-trellis (GY), a modified Solen training we called 'Solen Y-trellis' (SY), or V-trellis (LDV), all at the same spacing (1.2 m × 2.8 m), giving a planting density of 2976 trees/ha. In addition, a higher density (7143 trees/ha) version of the V-trellis (HDV) was planted to gauge the performance of this system at densities approaching those of local super spindle orchards. The plots were drip-irrigated and hand-thinned. No summer pruning was done. After 8 years, differences among training systems at the same density and spacing were small and few. The two Y-shaped training systems had 11% to 14% greater cumulative yield/ha than the SS, but did not intercept significantly more light at maturity. No consistent differences occurred in fruit size or the percentage of fruit with delayed color development among the four training systems at the same density. Relative to the LDV, the HDV yielded less per tree, but far more per hectare, particularly in the first 3 years. After 8 years, the cumulative yield/ha was still 65% greater than with LDV. Yield efficiency was unaffected by tree density. Fruit size on HDV ranked lowest among the systems nearly every year, but was still commercially acceptable. The HDV intercepted more light (73%) than SS (53%). The percentage of fruit with delayed color development in HDV was not significantly different from that for LDV in most years. The trees in HDV were difficult to contain within their allotted space without summer pruning. The substantially similar performance of all the training systems (at a given density, and with minimal pruning) suggests that cost and ease of management should be the decisive factors when choosing a tree training method.

scholarly journals EARLY PERFORMANCE OF FOUR APPLE CULTIVARS GRAFTED ON THE MICROPROPAGATED OTTAWA THREE ROOTSTOCK AND TRAINED IN TWO SYSTEMS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 246d-246
Author(s):  
Raymond L. Granger ◽  
Shahrokh Khanizadeh ◽  
Yvon Groleau
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Canopy Development ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Slender Spindle ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Early Performance ◽  
Better Than

In experimental plots established in 1989, `Spencer', `Empire', `MacSpur', and `Lobo' trees grafted on the in vitro-propagated Ottawa 3 (0.3) rootstock were trained in the triple axis and in the slender spindle systems. They were planted at 5 (between rows) × 2.04 m and laid out in a split plot array with four replicates. There were five trees per subplot unit. All trees were trickle-irrigated every year. Fruit thinning was chemically done for the first time in 1993. Trees from this experiment came into bearing in 1991, and their total cumulative yield was significantly superior in the case of trees of the Spindlebush system. Since no interactions were found, we cannot conclude that any given combination is better than the others. `Lobo', which has averaged nearly 21 tonnes/ha per tree, was best in terms of total cumulative yield and also in terms of yield efficiency. `MacSpur' and `Empire' were the second best ones in yield efficiency, and `Spencer' was significantly lower. Fruit size was very good for all combinations in 1993. At their fifth-leaf stage in 1993, the yield of `Empire' trees from this experiment was higher by an average of more than 1 kg per tree than that of comparable trees of conventionally propagated O.3 trees planted in adjacent test plots. The tree vigor of the micropopagated O.3 trees was better than that of the conventionally propagated ones as revealed by the trees' trunk and canopy development. However, a few trees exhibited slight burr-knot growth on their trunk. This has never been observed on the conventionally propagated O.3 rootstock.

scholarly journals Evaluation Of Slender Spindle Form In Young ‘Topaz’ Apple Orchard

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 167-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mészáros ◽  
J. Sus ◽  
L. Laňar ◽  
J. Náměstek
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Apple Variety ◽  
Volume Number ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Slender Spindle

AbstractTwo growing systems were compared – slender spindle and modified slender spindle, supplemented with or without additional summer pruning. The trial was carried out in orchard of the apple variety ‘Topaz’ in years 2012–2014. The assessed parameters were: trunk cross sectional area (TCSA), crown volume, number of cuts, dry matter weight of pruned wood, cumulative yield, yield efficiency, and relative occurrence of size classes of fruits. The objective was to confirm the hypothesized advantages of modified slender spindle in the period of increasing yields. Based on statistical analysis there was no significant difference among systems in growth measured by TCSA. Increase in crown cubage was the highest on slender spindle with additional summer pruning. The lowest increase of crown cubage was on modified spindle without summer pruning. Number of winter cuts and similarly dry weight was significantly higher on the modified spindle only in 2013. Additional summer pruning influenced both the above-mentioned parameters. There were no significant differences in cumulative yield and yield efficiency between systems. Similarly, the difference in the occurrence of various fruit size classes was not significant. We conclude that study needs to be extended in order to confirm the suggested trends.

Effect of Four Training Systems on Growth and Productivity of `Cortland'/M.9 EMLA Apple Trees

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 451e-451
Author(s):  
J.R. Schupp ◽  
S.I. Koller
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tree Survival ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Planting Distance

`Cortland'/M.9 EMLA trees were planted in 1991 at 1.8 ×4.2-m spacing. The trees were trained to one of four systems: 1) Vertical Axis; 2) Y trellis; 3) Solen; or 4) Palmette trellis. Tree survival was 86% for Palmette trees and approached 100% for the other three systems. Annual yield and cumulative yield per tree of Vertical Axis and Y trellis was twice that of Solen or Palmette. Tree vigor was sub-optimal relative to planting distance in this study. Trunk cross-sectional area of Vertical Axis trees was larger than that of trees trained to Solen or Palmette, while trees trained to Y trellis were intermediate in trunk growth. Canopy volumes of Vertical Axis and Y trellis trees were similar, and greater than that of Solen or Palmette trees. Fruit size on Solen and Palmette trees was larger than that of Y trellis trees in 1995 and 1996, while fruit size on Vertical Axis trees was intermediate. Cumulative yield per cubic meter of canopy volume was the same for all four systems, suggesting that differences in productivity among systems were attributable to the effects of tree training practices on tree size, not to differences among systems in precocity or efficiency. The low heading cut needed to establish the lowest tier of branches on the Palmette system reduced tree vigor and in some cases, resulted in mortality. The horizontal training of the primary branches of the Solen severely reduced tree vigor. In this study, where tree vigor was sub-optimal due to rootstock selection, the additional restrictions in tree growth resulting from restrictive training methods resulted in a significant loss in productivity.

scholarly journals Some Physico-Chemical Characteristics in Fruits of Rose Hip (Rosa spp.) Genotypes from Bolu Province in Western Part of Turkey

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Nilda Ersoy ◽  
Merve Salman Özen
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Soluble Solid Content ◽  
Fruit Characteristics ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Soluble Solid ◽  
Rose Hip ◽  
Fruit Mass

More recently, functional foods or food supplements which can protect humans from oxidative stress and several diseases have attracted worldwide interest. Among functional foods, fruits were given special attention, particularly wild edible fruits (neglected or underutilized fruits). There are various neglected and underutilized fruit tree species grown in Turkey solely. They could be exploited directly as foods, or used to obtain valuable natural compounds and derivatives. Rose hip (Rosa spp.) is one of them. The aim of the study is to determine some fruit characteristics of promising rose hip selections from Bolu province in the western part of Turkey. In the selection study, around 100 wild growing rose hip plants were investigated and among them 9 promising genotypes were selected based on rose hip selection criteria. The fruit mass, fruit flesh ratio, soluble solid content, titratable acidity, total dry matter and vitamin C content of these selected nine genotypes ranged from 1.40-2.77 g, 64.92-82.83%, 24.10-30.50%, 0.04-1.55%, 32.44-56.94% and 332.42-1603.52 mg/100 g respectively. Among the 9 promising genotypes, two genotypes had high, two genotypes had medium and five genotypes had low level of thorn.

scholarly journals GROWTH AND FRUIT PRODUCTION OF YOUNG MICROPROPAGATED APPLE (MALUS DOMESTICA BORKH.) TREES

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 637f-637
Author(s):  
Fenton E. Larsen ◽  
Stewart S. Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Westerly Winds ◽  
Golden Delicious

Tree size, cumulative yield, yield efficiency and anchorage of 6 micropropagated (MP) apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars were determined in 1991 after 5 years of production, as compared with trees on seedling (sdlg) or M 7a roots. Trees were planted in 1984, with crops harvested from 1987 through 1991. Trees were generally smallest (trunk cross-sectional area) on M 7a and were largest with 4 cultivars (`Delicious', `Jonathan', `Rome', `Spartan') when micropropagated. `Golden Delicious' (GD) was largest on sdlg. Cumulative yield was affected by a scion × rootstock interaction, with few trends in scion or rootstock effects. Mean cumulative yield was 84 kg tree-1, 71 and 58 for M 7a, MP and sdlg, respectively. Yield efficiency was also affected by a scion × rootstock interaction. In 1991, mean yield efficiency was 0.5 kg cm-2 for sdlg and MP trees, but was 1.05 for M 7a. Efficiency on M 7a was superior to other rootstocks with all scions except `GD', while sdlg and MP trees were statistically similar with all scions. All trees leaned in response to prevailing westerly winds, with trees on sdlg tending to be more upright than MP or M 7a trees.

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