scholarly journals Durata e costo delle visite in medicina generale: il progetto DYSCO

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Livio Garattini ◽  
Emanuela Castelnuovo ◽  
Davide Lanzeni ◽  
Cecilia Viscarra ◽  
DYSCO VISITE Gruppo di studio DYSCO VISITE
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Ambulatory Visit ◽  
Real Cost ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Travelling Time ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Number Of Visits ◽  
The Times

In Italy, general practitioners (GPs) operating within the National Health Service (NHS) are paid according to the number of patients followed, without relation to the number of visits performed. This means that, from a theoretical point of view, the marginal cost of an adjunctive medical examination equals to zero. Since this view is clearly little realistic, in this paper we expose a methodological approach to estimate the real cost of a GP visit, starting from data collected in the DYSCO study, a national survey on the medical costs of dystimia in Italy. 46 GPs were asked to record the number and duration of ambulatory and domiciliar visits, along with the time spent in administrative tasks, during 4 weeks, each randomly chosen within a season (spring, summer, autumn, winter). In order to assign a monetary value to each visit, the total fee reimbursed by the NHS to a GP was divided by the total time spent on work, and then again by the number of visits conducted during this time. The calculations performed revealed that the mean duration of a ambulatory visit amounts to about 10 minutes, while a domiciliar visit (including travelling time) lasts almost the double. An interesting result was that summer visits have significantly longer duration than the mean, and consequently cost more. The mean cost of a GP’s ambulatory visit resulted about 12 Euro; a domiciliar visit costs almost 23 Euro. The times and costs calculated in this study are consistent with other calculations performed by other authors in Europe and Italy, confirming the appropriateness of the employed methodology.

URINARY EXCRETION OF INTERSTITIAL CELL STIMULATING HORMONE AND SPERM CONCENTRATION IN 219 MALES

1969 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leif Wide ◽  
Berndt Kjessler
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Interstitial Cell ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Sperm Counts ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACT 219 male partners of barren marriages were examined with regard to urinary ICSH (LH) excretion and sperm concentration. The mean ICSH excretion in a group of patients with azoospermia was significantly higher as compared to a group of patients with more than 20 million sperms per ml. The individual excretion values were found to be widely distributed with a considerable overlapping between the groups. Only very few patients with low sperm counts had remarkably low ICSH excretion values. It appears as though only a very limited number of patients with impaired spermatogenesis would benefit from replacement therapy including gonadotrophins with ICSH activity; at least from a theoretical point of view.

scholarly journals Controlled thawing of foods

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 194-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Hoke ◽  
L. Klíma ◽  
R. Grée ◽  
M. Houška
Keyword(s):  
Power Level ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Similar Process ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
The Times ◽  
Mean Time

The various ways of thawing of model food made for comparison of these processes from point of view of duration. The experiments were conducted under condition that the surface temperature of the thawed food did not overcome 15°C. Shortest mean time of thawing was achieved for vacuum-steam thawing. Regarding to the regime chosen the time of thawing varied between 18.4–29 min. The similar process of vacuum thawing with steam generated from hot water placed below the food was also successful. For this process the mean time of thawing was predicted between 30.5 and 35 min. If the starting temperature of the water was below the boiling point at vacuum level in the chamber the time of thawing was much longer (about 49 min). For hot air thawing we have tested two regimes with temperature of air 50 and 70°C. For both air temperatures the times of thawing were similar being 52.1 and 53.6 min, respectively. Microwave thawing was depending on the power of microwave oven. The time of thawing was achieved 28.9 min at power level 1, at power level “thawing” the process duration was 34.4 min.

Sequential decisions in the control of a space-ship (finite fuel)

1967 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 584-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Bather ◽  
Herman Chernoff
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Policy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Control Procedure ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Final Approach ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Miss Distance ◽  
Quadratic Case

This paper is a sequel to [1] and considers a more realistic formulation of the same question: that of finding an optimal policy for controlling the path of a space-ship as it moves towards its target. The difference here is that we no longer suppose there is an infinite quantity of fuel, always available at a fixed price, for modifying the current direction of motion. This complicates the problem of reducing the final miss distance, by introducing an extra variable. As before, we shall be particularly concerned to find a control procedure which always minimizes the mean square terminal miss. From the theoretical point of view we are also interested to see whether the techniques used to approximate the optimal policy can be extended, and how far we shall be forced to adopt a new approach. Results are derived which provide bounds on the form of the optimal policy. The derivation depends on a comparison technique whose validity is intuitively obvious, but which is still only a conjecture. However, further confirmation is obtained in the quadratic case from asymptotic expansions giving the form of the solution both when the space-ship is far away from its target and during its final approach.

scholarly journals Competition Between Intramolecular Vibrational Energy Re-Distribution and Unimolecular Dissociation: A Scattering Theoretical Point of View

1995 ◽  
Vol 15 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 145-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyohiko Someda ◽  
Hiroki Nakamura ◽  
Frederick H. Mies
Keyword(s):  
Vibrational Energy ◽  
Stationary Wave ◽  
Resonance Scattering ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Unimolecular Dissociation ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Mutual Correlation ◽  
Mean Width ◽  
The Mean

Systematic behavior of decay rates of resonances above dissociation threshold is investigated by using the theory of resonance scattering. The condition for the Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) rate formula to be valid is clarified by analyzing the random model of unimolecular dissociation. The decay rate averaged over many resonances agrees with the RRKM rate when the mean spacing and the mean width of the resonance states coincide with each other. On the other hand, auto- and mutual-correlation functions of the non-stationary wave functions indicate a rather paradoxical and intriguing phenomenon: In the RRKM regime, insufficient time is left for intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) before dissociation.

scholarly journals Area-Weighting of Sunspot Group Positions and Proper Motion Artifacts

1993 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 123-126
Author(s):  
K. Petrovay
Keyword(s):  
Proper Motion ◽  
Sunspot Group ◽  
Physical Nature ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Motion Artifacts ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Analysis Process ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sunspot Groups

AbstractTwo simple examples are presented to show that concepts about the physical nature of sunspot groups may significantly influence the statistical data analysis process. In particular, the second example shows that the well-known difference in the decay rates of preceding (p-) and following (f-) polarity parts of sunspot groups may lead to a fake proper motion effect when area-weighted group positions are used. This effect may be responsible for some recent contradictory findings concerning the motions of sunspot groups. It is therefore argued that while area-weighting is adequate when calculating the mean positions of p- and f-parts of a sunspot group separately, defining the position of the group as a whole by the unweighted average of the mean positions of the p- and f-parts is more satisfactory from the theoretical point of view (whenever it is possible to distinguish between spots of different polarities). Similarly, it is best not to “correct” sunspot proper motions for internal differential rotation within groups.

Sequential decisions in the control of a space-ship (finite fuel)

1967 ◽  
Vol 4 (03) ◽  
pp. 584-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Bather ◽  
Herman Chernoff
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Policy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Control Procedure ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Final Approach ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Miss Distance ◽  
Quadratic Case

This paper is a sequel to [1] and considers a more realistic formulation of the same question: that of finding an optimal policy for controlling the path of a space-ship as it moves towards its target. The difference here is that we no longer suppose there is an infinite quantity of fuel, always available at a fixed price, for modifying the current direction of motion. This complicates the problem of reducing the final miss distance, by introducing an extra variable. As before, we shall be particularly concerned to find a control procedure which always minimizes the mean square terminal miss. From the theoretical point of view we are also interested to see whether the techniques used to approximate the optimal policy can be extended, and how far we shall be forced to adopt a new approach. Results are derived which provide bounds on the form of the optimal policy. The derivation depends on a comparison technique whose validity is intuitively obvious, but which is still only a conjecture. However, further confirmation is obtained in the quadratic case from asymptotic expansions giving the form of the solution both when the space-ship is far away from its target and during its final approach.

scholarly journals The Fictitious Dualism of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
Creative Behavior ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Climate Action ◽  
The Times ◽  
Natural Boundaries

The present debate regarding climate action is twofold and includes mitigation of, and adaptation to climate change. However, most of the times in discussions, policy, and in the actual action as implementation of those policies, reducing emissions takes priority against adaptation. Even though from a theoretical point of view this dualism is possible only as a distinction/ separation, it seems that in practice the question of the primordial unity of adaptation and mitigation is completely forgotten. This practical approach to the question of dualism between mitigation and adaptation is intimately linked to the predefined interpretation of the concept of adaptation. It is possible to orient our understanding of the concept of adaptation in a way that conforms to the origins of the mitigation/adaptation dualism as uniqueness, towards composition and collaboration instead of competition and antagonism, by widening our perspective in order to include the world not only as a standing reserve to be exploited, but within its natural boundaries. This creative behavior can liberate science from its present dominant position vis a vis the earth, mankind, and guide our societies closer to the human essence as a symbiosis with nature.

Generic Approach For Mathematical Model of Multi-Strain Pandemics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teddy Lazebnik ◽  
Svetlana Bunimovich-Mendrazitsky
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Basic Reproduction Number ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
World Health ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Mean

Pandemics with multi-strain have become a major concern. We introduce a new model for assessing the connection between multi-strain pandemic and the mortality rate, basic reproduction number, and the maximum of infected individuals. The proposed model provides a general mathematical approach for representing multi-strain pandemics, generalizing for an arbitrary number of strains. We show the proposed model fits well with epidemiological historical data world health over a long period. From a theoretical point of view, we show that the increasing number of strains increases logarithmically the maximum number of infected individuals and the mean mortality rate. Moreover, the mean basic reproduction number is statistically identical to the single, most aggressive strain pandemic for multi-strain pandemics.

PENINGKATAN KUALITAS HIDUP MELALUI LOGOTERAPI PADA KLIEN YANG MENJALANI HEMODIALISIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18
Author(s):  
Abdul Wakhid ◽  
Ana Puji Astuti ◽  
Maya Kurnia Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Renal Failure ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
T Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Mean

Logoterapi merupakan terapi untuk menemukan makna positif dibalik sebuah kejadian yang tidak diharapkan. Logoterapi dilaksanakan secara individu maupun berkelompok dalam bentuk konseling dan berorientasi pada pencarian makna hidup individu. Tujuan logoterapi meningkatkan makna pengalaman hidup individu yang diarahkan kepada pengambilan keputusan yang bertanggung jawab. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan rancangan pre-experiment dengan metode pre and post test group, artinya pengumpulan data dilakukan terhadap responden untuk membandingkan kualitas hidup sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan intervensi. Teknik pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan metode total sampling yaitu pengambilan seluruh sampel dengan tetap memperhatikan kriteria yang telah ditetapkan. Jumlah pasien yang menjalani hemodialisis di RSUD Ungaran sebanyak 21 orang dan di RSUD Ambarawa sebanyak 25 pasien. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji t test dependent. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa dari 46 responden didapatkan rata-rata skor kualitas hidup pasien yang mejalani hemodialisis sebesar 60.22 dengan skor terrendah 55 dan skor tertinggi 69. Bahwa dari 46 responden didapatkan rata-rata skor kualitas hidup pasien yang mejalani hemodialisis sebesar 88.72 dengan skor terrendah 79 dan skor tertinggi 103. Hasil uji statistik dengan uji t test dependent diketahui ada pengaruh logoterapi terhadap kemampuan memaknai hidup pada klien yang menjalani hemodialisis di RSUD Kabupaten Semarang (p value: 0,0001). Saran perlunya peningkatan kemampuan perawat dalam memberikan layanan kesehatan termasuk pemberian atau pemanduan penemuan makna hidup bagi pasien hemodialysis, agar selain dengan hemodialysis, ada faktor internal dari pasien yang dapat dijadikan sebagai motivasi untuk sembuh dari penyakit.   Kata Kunci: Logoterapi, kualitas hidup   IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF PATIENTS WITH RENAL FAILURE WHO UNDERWENT HEMODIALYSIS   ABSTRACT Logotherapy is a therapy to discover the positive meaning behind an unexpected event. Logotherapy is carried out individually or in groups in the form of counseling and oriented to the search for the meaning of individual life. This study aims to improve the quality of life of patients with renal failure who underwent hemodialysis. This research was conducted by using pre-experiment with pre-post test study. The sampling technique was done by the convenience sampling. The number of patients undergoing hemodialysis as many as 46 respondents. Data analysis was done by using test t test dependent. The result showed that from 46 respondents got the mean of quality of life of patients who had hemodialysis 60.22 with lowest score 55 and highest score 69. Whereas from 46 respondents got the mean score of life quality of patients who had hemodialysis 88.72 with score the lowest score 79 and the highest score 103. The result of statistical test with t test dependent is known there is influence of logoterapi to the ability of meaningful life on client who undergo hemodialysis at Semarang Regency hospitals (p value: 0.0001). Advice on the need to improve the nurse's ability to provide health services, including the provision or guidance of the discovery of the meaning of life for hemodialysis patients, in addition to hemodialysis, there are internal factors of the patient that can be used as a motivation to recover from illness.   Keywords: Logotherapy, quality of life, kidney failure.  

Timber Auctions in the Context of the Modern Auction Theory

2007 ◽  
pp. 86-94
Author(s):  
A. Manakov
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Auction Theory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
English Auction ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation

The article provides theoretical analysis and evaluation of the timber auctions reforms in Russia. The author shows that the mechanism of the "combined auctions", which functioned until recently, is more appropriate from the theoretical point of view (and from the point of view of the Russian practice) as compared to the officially approved format of the English auction.

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