scholarly journals La théorie géographique de la propriété et l’héritage ratzélien

2005 ◽  
Vol 36 (98) ◽  
pp. 235-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Mercier
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
A Priori

La théorie géographique de la propriété reste encore en chantier malgré les appels en ce sens lancés par plusieurs auteurs. Sans prétendre achever l'élaboration d'une telle théorie, le présent article voudrait ouvrir une piste dans cette direction à partir d'une critique de la géographie politique de Ratzel. La critique révèle d'abord que cette géographie donne une définition de la propriété et de l'État alignée sur une conception dogmatique de l'individu. La proposition ratzélienne présente en effet l'individu comme une entité absolue autour de laquelle s'élève, pour fins de satisfaction des besoins, l'édifice politique. Prenant le contrepied de cet a priori individualiste, l'article analyse la dimension discursive de la propriété. Il s'avère que le discours de la propriété, opérant sur le mode dogmatique, impose une privation sur laquelle repose l'institution du sujet nommément distingué et proprement humain.

Ursprünge transzendentaler Ästhetik. Zum Wandel von Kants Raum- und Zeitargumentation von derInauguraldissertation zurKritik

Kant-Studien ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-385
Author(s):  
Christian Martin
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Representations Of Space ◽  
Widespread View

AbstractAccording to a widespread view, the essentials of Kant’s critical conception of space and time as set forth in the Transcendental Aesthetic can already be found in his 1770 Inaugural Dissertation. Contrary to this assumption, the present article shows that Kant’s later arguments for the a priori intuitive character of our original representations of space and time differ crucially from those contained in the Dissertation. This article highlights profound differences between Kant’s transcendental and his pre-critical conception of pure sensibility by systematically comparing the topic, method and argumentation of the First Critique with that of the Inaugural Dissertation. It thus contributes to a better understanding of the Transcendental Aesthetics itself, which allows one to distinguish its peculiar transcendental mode of argumentation from considerations made by the pre-critical Kant, with which it can easily be conflated.

scholarly journals When Does HARKing Hurt? Identifying When Different Types of Undisclosed Post Hoc Hypothesizing Harm Scientific Progress

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 308-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Research Report ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Replication Crisis ◽  
Post Hoc

Hypothesizing after the results are known, or HARKing, occurs when researchers check their research results and then add or remove hypotheses on the basis of those results without acknowledging this process in their research report ( Kerr, 1998 ). In the present article, I discuss 3 forms of HARKing: (a) using current results to construct post hoc hypotheses that are then reported as if they were a priori hypotheses; (b) retrieving hypotheses from a post hoc literature search and reporting them as a priori hypotheses; and (c) failing to report a priori hypotheses that are unsupported by the current results. These 3 types of HARKing are often characterized as being bad for science and a potential cause of the current replication crisis. In the present article, I use insights from the philosophy of science to present a more nuanced view. Specifically, I identify the conditions under which each of these 3 types of HARKing is most and least likely to be bad for science. I conclude with a brief discussion about the ethics of each type of HARKing.

scholarly journals A Frequentist Alternative to Significance Testing, p-Values, and Confidence Intervals

Econometrics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Trafimow
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Significance Testing ◽  
Population Parameters ◽  
Null Hypothesis Significance Testing ◽  
P Values ◽  
Statistical Procedures ◽  
Major Section

There has been much debate about null hypothesis significance testing, p-values without null hypothesis significance testing, and confidence intervals. The first major section of the present article addresses some of the main reasons these procedures are problematic. The conclusion is that none of them are satisfactory. However, there is a new procedure, termed the a priori procedure (APP), that validly aids researchers in obtaining sample statistics that have acceptable probabilities of being close to their corresponding population parameters. The second major section provides a description and review of APP advances. Not only does the APP avoid the problems that plague other inferential statistical procedures, but it is easy to perform too. Although the APP can be performed in conjunction with other procedures, the present recommendation is that it be used alone.

scholarly journals Exploring language attitudes in ELF research: Contrasting approaches in conversation

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 74-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomokazu Ishikawa ◽  
Sonia Morán Panero
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Language Attitudes ◽  
A Priori ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Doctoral Research ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Ontological Position ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon

AbstractWith reference to two recent doctoral research projects on ELF, the present article examines the characterisation of language attitudes as either stable or variable evaluative phenomena, and provides a detailed account of methodological practices that may be favoured from each ontological position. The durability of language attitudes is more specifically conceptualised as a stable (but not enduring) construct directed to a linguistic phenomenon in one thesis, and as variable and emergent forms of evaluative social practice around a language-related issue in the other. With these two different approaches in conversation, the authors consider the extent to which stability and variability of language attitudes may be two sides of the same coin, and question whether it is safe to assume a priori the inferability of stable language attitudes from the observation of evaluative practice. This article evidences the need for ELF researchers working in this area to contemplate what and how it is being researched in the name of language attitudes while having awareness of possible alternatives in any given study.

scholarly journals When Does HARKing Hurt? Identifying When Different Types of Undisclosed Post Hoc Hypothesizing Harm Scientific Progress

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Research Report ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Replication Crisis ◽  
Post Hoc

Hypothesizing after the results are known, or HARKing, occurs when researchers check their research results and then add or remove hypotheses on the basis of those results without acknowledging this process in their research report (Kerr, 1998). In the present article, I discuss three forms of HARKing: (1) using current results to construct post hoc hypotheses that are then reported as if they were a priori hypotheses; (2) retrieving hypotheses from a post hoc literature search and reporting them as a priori hypotheses; and (3) failing to report a priori hypotheses that are unsupported by the current results. These three types of HARKing are often characterized as being bad for science and a potential cause of the current replication crisis. In the present article, I use insights from the philosophy of science to present a more nuanced view. Specifically, I identify the conditions under which each of these three types of HARKing is most and least likely to be bad for science. I conclude with a brief discussion about the ethics of each type of HARKing.

scholarly journals Virtual reality and imagination - a possible ethical framework based on the thought of Gregory of Nazianzus

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 116-132
Author(s):  
Václav Ježek
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Present Article ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Divine Love ◽  
Firm Basis

AbstractThe present article discusses the thoughts of Gregory of Nazianzus in relation to virtual reality especially man-made virtual reality in all its forms. We argue that the benefits of virtual reality, such as freedom, imagination, creativity can be paradoxically curtailed by virtual reality itself, since it is highly subjective and as its medium shows, can be an a priori matrix and prison for the human being. Gregory of Nazianzus, building his theology on a firm basis on substance and contemplation, offers a way out, where one acknowledges everything around us as beneficial and beautiful and therefore free, but this must be based on a firm grounding of truthfulness and guidance offered by an all-encompassing form of Divine love and creativity.

Le formalisme pratique : de la morale à l’éthique

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-342
Author(s):  
Laurent De Briey
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
A Priori

Résumé L’actualité du kantisme en philosophie morale et politique est illustrée par l’importance en son sein des approches formelles, notamment l’éthique de la discussion et le libéralisme politique. Ces approches estiment que le formalisme pratique implique une réduction de la sphère de la rationalité pratique à la seule réflexion morale sur l’impartialité des normes, au détriment du questionnement éthique sur la vie bonne renvoyé à la particularité subjective. Dans le présent article, nous contestons la nécessité d’une telle implication et nous voulons montrer la possibilité de penser une éthique formelle : un jugement éthique a priori peut être fondé sur la seule nécessité de donner sens à la forme de la finitude.

scholarly journals ‘Want’ is a lexical and conceptual universal

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cliff Goddard ◽  
Anna Wierzbicka
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Building Block ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Fundamental Importance ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Linguistic Patterns ◽  
Number Of Publications

The question of whether or not all languages have a word for ‘want’ (as in ‘I know what you want, I want the same’) is far more important than many linguists appear to realize. Having studied and debated this question for many years, we welcome Olesya Khanina’s (2008) paper “How universal is ‘wanting’?”, which, we believe, addresses a question of fundamental importance. Our own view — which we have sought to substantiate in a large number of publications, over many years (cf. Wierzbicka 1972, 1996; Goddard 1991, 2001; Goddard and Wierzbicka eds. 1994, 2002; Peeters ed. 2006) — is that WANT is a universal semantic prime, i.e. an indivisible unit of meaning with a lexical exponent in all languages. In the present article, we argue that although Khanina has produced valuable results about cross-linguistic patterns in the polysemy of exponents of WANT, she has failed to demonstrate her concluding point, namely, “that ‘want’ is not a universal semantic prime in the sense of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage … [and] that the inclusion of WANT in this list [of semantic primes] is indeed false” (p. 848). Briefly, we will argue that Khanina’s conclusion depends, first, on an a priori decision not to recognise the existence of polysemy; and second, on a misunderstanding of the NSM position on what it means to be a lexical exponent of a semantic prime. We will also argue that ‘wanting’ constitutes an indispensable conceptual building block in human communication and cognition, and in linguistic and psychological theorizing about communication and cognition.

scholarly journals On the Reception of Haavelmo’s Econometric Thought

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin D. Hoover
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Econometric Models ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Probability Approach ◽  
Economics Profession ◽  
Statistical Adequacy ◽  
The Way

The significance of Haavelmo’s “The Probability Approach in Econometrics” (1944), the foundational document of modern econometrics, has been interpreted in widely different ways. Some regard it as a blueprint for a provocative (but ultimately unsuccessful) program dominated by the need for a priori theoretical identification of econometric models. Others focus more on statistical adequacy than on theoretical identification. They see its deepest insights as unduly neglected. The present article uses bibliometric techniques and a close reading of econometrics articles and textbooks to trace the way in which the economics profession received, interpreted, and transmitted Haavelmo’s ideas. A key irony is that the first group calls for a reform of econometric thinking that goes several steps beyond Haavelmo’s initial vision; the second group argues that essentially what the first group advocates was already in Haavelmo’s “Probability Approach” from the beginning.

scholarly journals La perception de l’agression sexuelle chez des garçons qui en ont été victimes durant l’enfance ou l’adolescence

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-95
Author(s):  
Michel Dorais
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Étude Qualitative ◽  
Etude Qualitative

Le présent article fait état d'une étude qualitative menée auprès de trente jeunes hommes québécois âgés de 16 à 44 ans qui ont été sexuellement agressés par des hommes au cours de leur enfance ou de leur adolescence. Une expérience traumatisante comme l'abus sexuel, surtout si elle est vécue en bas âge, n'a pas de sens a priori. Dans sa construction de soi et du monde, le garçon abusé tentera donc de lui trouver une signification, une rationalité quelconque, sinon une raison d'être. Tel est l'aspect particulier et peu traité sur lequel se penche cet article. Extrait d'un rapport de recherche à paraître, il aborde la perception subjective de l'abus sexuel chez les garçons qui en furent victimes.

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